This is the site early Christians venerated in the story of the Good Samaritan. It was proposed in the early Christian centuries as a place to commemorate this event and strengthen the faith of believers. Today, this place is called the Inn of the Good Samaritan. It has a museum with many mosaics and artifacts from other synagogues and discoveries. Inn of the Good Samaritan & Museum Photo Gallery Places of Interest Inn of the Good Samaritan Location 1. The Inn of the Good Samaritan is located about 8.5 miles (13.5 km.) east of Jerusalem on Hwy. 1 and about 6.5 (10.5 km.) west of Jericho. 2. The Inn is about halfway between Jerusalem and Jericho on an ancient road that linked traffic from the Jordan Valley to Jerusalem and the coastal towns of the Mediterranean Ocean. 3. The famous story of the Good Samaritan took place on this road. Historical Background 1. Interestingly, Jesus used real places and people in the story of the Good Samaritan, i.e., road, Jerusalem, Jericho, robbers, Samaritans, priests, Levites, and the Inn. Therefore, the possibility exists that the story was actually a real event that had happened. 2. The ancient road connecting the Jordan Valley to Jerusalem and beyond had an elevation difference of 3,400 ft. (1,036 m.). Jericho is at 800 ft. (244 m.) below sea level, and Jerusalem is at 2,600 ft. (792 m.) above sea level. 3. It was a dangerous road that was desolate in steep, curvy places with crooks, crannies, and caves where bandits and robbers could hide and get away easily in the desert. It also lacked police protection in many places. 4. It was about 15 miles (24 km.) between Jerusalem and Jericho. 5. Around 12,000 priests and Levites lived in Jericho who used this road whenever they were summoned to serve in the temple in Jerusalem. 6. The rocky desert terrain around the Inn of the Good Samaritan was notorious for robbers. The local name for the area is Ma‘ale Adummim, which means red rocks. It’s believed the name was derived from the limestone stained red by iron oxide, but it’s also believed its name is due to the amount of blood that was spilled here by bandits and robbers. 7. Jesus and His disciples would have used this road repeatedly as they traveled between Jerusalem and Jericho. 8. The Inn of the Good Samaritan Although it’s not certain that the inn Jesus mentioned in the story of the Good Samaritan was a real place, a site was proposed in the early Christian centuries as a place to commemorate this event. Today, it’s called the Inn of the Good Samaritan. The site was inhabited in the Hellenistic and Roman periods, and remains from the 1st century BC to the 1st century AD were discovered during the excavations of the Inn. In the 6th century, a Byzantine church and monastery with pilgrim accommodations were erected on the site of what was probably some sort of travelers’ hostel well before the time of Jesus. Later, the Crusaders built a fortress on a nearby hill to protect pilgrims against robbers. The remains of the monastery later became an Ottoman Inn. In the 1800s, the Ottomans built a rectangular structure over the ruins of the southern wall of the Crusader Fortress. The current museum at this site was opened in 2009. Places of Interest 1. Byzantine Church 2. Museum (has many mosaics and artifacts from around Israel) 3. Cave 1, 2 4. Crusader Fortress 5. Hwy. 1 6. Jericho 7. Jerusalem 8. Ancient Road from Jericho to Jerusalem 9. Wadi Qelt The Story of the Good Samaritan in the Bible 1. A lawyer (student of Scripture) tested Jesus regarding what a person had to do to receive eternal life. Luke 10:25-28: And a lawyer stood up and put Him to the test, saying, “Teacher, what shall I do to inherit eternal life?” And He said to him, “What is written in the Law? How does it read to you?” And he answered, “You shall love the Lord your God with all your heart, and with all your soul, and with all your strength, and with all your mind [Deut. 6:5]; and your neighbor as yourself [Lev. 19:18].” 2. Attempting to justify himself, the lawyer asked a follow-up question about what the term “neighbor” meant. Luke 10:29: And He said to him, “You have answered correctly; do this and you will live.” But wishing to justify himself, he said to Jesus, “And who is my neighbor?” 3. To illustrate who our neighbor is, Jesus told the story of the Good Samaritan. Luke 10:30-34: Jesus replied and said, “A man was going down from Jerusalem to Jericho, and fell among robbers, and they stripped him and beat him, and went away leaving him half dead. And by chance a priest was going down on that road, and when he saw him, he passed by on the other side. Likewise, a Levite also, when he came to the place and saw him, passed by on the other side. But a Samaritan who was on a journey, came upon him; and when he saw him, he felt compassion, and came to him and bandaged up his wounds, pouring oil and wine on them; and he put him on his own beast, and brought him to an inn and took care of him. The priests were the spiritual leaders and oversaw the temple. The Levites were servants in the temple. Samaritans were unfaithful Jews who intermarried with foreign unbelievers and established their own religion. The Samaritans were despised and rejected by the Jews and considered unclean. The Samaritans, likewise, despised the Jews and had few dealings with them. Any traveler from Samaria would have been regarded as an alien in Judea. Luke 10:35-37: On the next day, he took out two denarii and gave them to the innkeeper and said, ‘Take care of him; and whatever more you spend, when I return, I will repay you.’ Which of these three do you think proved to be a neighbor to the man who fell into the robbers’ hands?” And he said, “The one who showed mercy toward him.” Then Jesus said to him, “Go and do the same .” A denarius was about a day’s wage. Today, it would be around $200 dollars for an average worker. The Samaritan gave the innkeeper two denarii for a total of $400 dollars. The Good Samaritan was willing to spend even more money on the hurt man, meaning that what he had already given was just a start. Faith Lesson from the Good Samaritan 1. Our neighbor is anyone with a genuine need whom we find in our path. 2. The wounded man the Samaritan helped was not a family member, a friend, or an acquaintance; he was a total stranger. 3. The Samaritan spent a large sum of money to help heal the wounded man with no expectation or guarantee of being repaid. 4. It’s not what we see but what we do that makes us a neighbor. 5. Jesus emphasized that it’s not just what we believe that matters, but what we do that shows we are truly saved. 6. While we should help the wounded with physical needs, we should also help the wounded with their spiritual needs as well. The greatest need everyone has is salvation. Do we share our faith and give the greatest gift possible to those in need spiritually? 7. We should keep in mind that not every want or need others might have is legitimate. 8. God doesn’t want us to reward wrong motives and laziness. 2 Thessalonians 3:10-11: For even when we were with you, we used to give you this order: if anyone is not willing to work, then he is not to eat , either. For we hear that some among you are leading an undisciplined life, doing no work at all , but acting like busybodies.

See a video about the Kidron Valley (Valley of Jehoshaphat) that talks about the judgments and the Wine Press of God's wrath. Learn about the Great Tribulation, Christ's second coming, blood flowing up to the horses' bridle, the gathering of the nations, and more. Absalom’s Tomb, Zechariah’s Tomb, Mount of Olives, Temple Mount, City of David. Kidron Valley: Shadow of Death Photo Gallery Places of Interest Kidron Valley: Shadow of Death Introduction 1. The Kidron Valley, also known as the Valley of Jehoshaphat, or the Kings Valley, is also called by many "The Shadow of Death." 2. It's the deep valley, or wadi (drainage way) between the Mount of Olives and Old City Jerusalem. It was much deeper during the time of King David. It has been filled in somewhat over time. 3. The Hinnom and Tyropoeon Valleys drain into the Kidron Valley, which goes to the Dead Sea. 4. According to revelation 14:20, it is in this valley where God will judge the nations at the end of the Great Tribulation Period, and the blood will flow up to the horses' bridles. 5. The Triumphal Entry path crossed this valley. 6. Gethsemane is in this valley. 7. Jesus walked through this valley repeatedly, and on the last night of his life on earth, was arrested here in Gethsemane and crossed over it on his way be condemned and crucified. 8. David crossed this valley as he fled Absalom’s rebellion. 9. Josiah, a godly king, had false god idols thrown into this valley and burned. 10. The lower part of the valley, where it meets the Hinnom Valley, is where the trash was burned and referred to as Gehenna, which was referred to as hell in the New Testament. 11. There are three incredible monuments and tombs in this valley called Absalom’s Tomb or Pillar, the Tomb of Benei Hezir, and the Tomb of Zechariah. We'll be exploring and learning all about them. 12. The valley is a sacred ravine of tears, judgment, and redemption. It's a must-see site in Jerusalem. Location 1. Just beyond the ancient eastern walls of Jerusalem lies a sweeping, rugged ravine that holds the memories of kings, the decrees of prophets, and the purposeful footsteps of the Savior. 2. The Kidron Valley—also known in Scripture and tradition as the Valley of Jehoshaphat—is far more than a mere geographical boundary. For millennia, it has served as a profound spiritual landscape, intertwining earthly topography with heavenly destiny. 3. Whether viewed through the lens of ancient geography, archaeological discovery, or biblical revelation, the Kidron Valley stands as one of the most historically and spiritually significant sites in the Holy Land. 4. The Kidron Valley, also called the Valley of Jehoshaphat, lies between the Old City of Jerusalem and the Mount of Olives. Historical Background 1. To understand the history of Jerusalem, one must first understand its geography. Built on a rugged limestone ridge in the Judean mountains, ancient Jerusalem relied heavily on its natural surroundings for survival. The Kidron Valley forms the city's definitive eastern boundary, physically separating the original City of David and the Temple Mount from the towering Mount of Olives to the east. 2. In antiquity, this deep ravine was much steeper and deeper than it is today, providing Jerusalem with a crucial natural defense. It served as a formidable moat, meaning an invading army could not easily mount a siege from the east. 3. Hidden at the base of the Kidron Valley lies the Gihon Spring. This spring was the singular lifeblood of ancient Jerusalem, providing the city with its only reliable, year-round freshwater source. Without the Gihon Spring bubbling up in the Kidron, Jerusalem could not have existed in such an arid landscape. The valley itself is a wadi (a dry riverbed) for most of the year, flowing with water only during the heavy winter rains before descending through the harsh Judean Desert toward the Dead Sea. 4. Because the Gihon Spring was originally located outside the city walls in the valley, it was highly vulnerable to enemy capture. To secure this life-giving water from an impending Assyrian siege, King Hezekiah commissioned a massive engineering project in the 8th century BC (2 Kings 20:20). Archaeologists have excavated and cleared Hezekiah’s Tunnel, a 1,750-foot channel carved entirely through solid bedrock to redirect the spring's water safely inside the city walls to the Pool of Siloam—a marvel of ancient engineering that still flows with water today. 5. It was much deeper in biblical times. 6. It is referred to repeatedly in Scripture as a place of judgment. 7. It is called the Winepress of God’s wrath. Places of Interest 1. Kidron Valley 2. City of David 3. Gihon Spring 4. Silwan Community 5. Absalom's Tomb (Pillar) The Biblical Tradition: The monument derives its name from 2 Samuel 18:18, which records that David’s rebellious son, Absalom, erected a pillar for himself in the King’s Valley to preserve his name, as he had no sons. For centuries, it was a local custom for passersby—and fathers of disobedient children—to throw stones at the monument to condemn Absalom’s rebellion. The Archaeological Reality: Despite the enduring tradition, archaeologists firmly date the structure to the 1st century AD, roughly 1,000 years after Absalom’s death. According to 2 Kings 18:17, the historical Absalom was denied a royal burial and was instead thrown into a pit in the forest of Ephraim and covered with a massive heap of stones. Architecture: Standing roughly 20 meters high, the structure is unique. The lower square section is hewn from a single solid block of bedrock, decorated with Greek Ionic columns and a Doric frieze. The upper section, capped with a distinctive masonry conical roof, contains a small burial chamber accessed via a short staircase. Shifting Identities: Most archaeologists and scholars attribute the tomb as belonging to Herod II or also known as Agrippa I. In the Byzantine era, Christian monks carved Greek inscriptions into the facade, attempting to attribute the tomb to figures like Zechariah (the father of John the Baptist) and Simeon (from Luke 2). 6. The Tomb of Benei Hezir The Archaeological Reality: This is the oldest of the Kidron Valley’s monumental tombs, dating to the 2nd century BC (the Hellenistic/Hasmonean period). Unlike Absalom’s Pillar and the Tomb of Zechariah, this is a genuine, sprawling burial cave complex dug deep into the cliffside. The Biblical Connection: An engraved Hebrew inscription on the architrave clearly identifies this as the resting place of multiple generations of the Benei Hezir family. The Hezirs were a wealthy and prominent family of Kohanim (priests). The name appears twice in scripture: as the founder of the 17th priestly division (1 Chronicles 24:15) and among the leaders who sealed the covenant with Nehemiah (Nehemiah 10:20). Architecture: The facade features a classical distyle in antis design, showcasing two pillars with Doric capitals. It demonstrates a blend of ancient Greek and Nabataean architectural influences, which was highly fashionable among Judean elites of the time. Christian Tradition: In the 19th century, Western explorers frequently misidentified this site as the "Tomb of St. James," based on a tradition that the Apostle James hid in these caves from the Romans and was later buried there in 62 AD. 7. The Tomb of Zechariah The Tomb of Zechariah is one of the most striking monuments in the valley. Carved directly from the bedrock, it rises like a solid stone memorial crowned by a pyramid-shaped top. At the bottom of the monument is an unfinished tomb carved into the bedrock. Its traditional name connects it with Zechariah, but archaeology tells a more careful story. This monument dates not to the days of the biblical prophet or priest traditionally associated with it, but to the late Second Temple period. And remarkably, it is not truly a tomb in the usual sense at all. It is solid rock—a monumental memorial, often described as a Nefesh, a funerary marker or memorial structure. Purpose: Because it lacks an interior chamber for burial, archaeologists classify it as a Nefesh (a memorial monument or cenotaph). It is widely believed that this structure served as the grand Nefesh for the adjacent Tomb of Benei Hezir, or perhaps for another nearby burial cave that was never completed. The Medieval Naming Trend: During the Middle Ages, Jewish, Christian, and Islamic pilgrims frequently traveled to Jerusalem seeking tangible connections to scriptural narratives. Because the true origins of many of the Kidron Valley's massive Second Temple period monuments had been forgotten over the centuries, locals and guides began assigning the names of famous First Temple biblical figures to these structures. The First Written Record: The specific association with Zechariah was firmly established in 1215 CE by a Jewish traveler named Menahem haHebroni. He is the earliest recorded source to explicitly identify this specific 1st-century AD monument as the resting place of the 9th-century BC priest. Once published in travel accounts, the name stuck and was adopted by subsequent generations of pilgrims. The Appeal of the Martyr: The biblical account of Zechariah ben Jehoiada is dramatic and memorable, making him a prime candidate for a grand memorial. According to 2 Chronicles 24:20-22, after the Spirit of God came upon Zechariah to deliver a harsh rebuke to the nation, King Joash ordered him to be stoned to death in the courtyard of the house of the Lord. The striking, monolithic nature of the monument made it a fitting canvas for later generations to project the memory of such a prominent martyr. It was built hundreds of years after Zechariah's death to serve as a Nefesh (a memorial marker) for the adjacent burial caves belonging to the Benei Hezir priestly family. 8. Other Burial Caves 9. Mount of Olives 10. Temple Mount 11. Gethsemane Kidron Valley in the Bible 1. For the Christian believer, the most poignant moment in the Kidron Valley’s history occurred on the night before the crucifixion of Jesus. After observing the Last Supper, Jesus and His disciples left the upper room to pray. John 18:1 records: "When Jesus had spoken these words, he went out with his disciples across the brook Kidron, where there was a garden, which he and his disciples entered." The historical and topographical context of this single verse is staggering. It was the night of Passover. According to the Jewish Mishnah, a channel ran from the base of the Temple Mount's altar down into the Kidron Valley. The excess blood from the thousands of Passover lambs sacrificed in the Temple drained through this conduit, spilling directly into the brook Kidron. When Jesus crossed the valley that night, the waters would have been visibly stained crimson. The true Lamb of God quite literally stepped over the blood of the earthly sacrificial lambs as He made His way up the Mount of Olives into the Garden of Gethsemane. A thousand years earlier, David crossed the Kidron fleeing for his life in defeat; Jesus, the Son of David, crossed the very same valley walking deliberately toward His death—and toward eternal victory. 2. God will gather the nations to the Kidron Valley at the end of the Tribulation and judge them. Joel 3:1–3: For behold, in those days and at that time, when I restore the fortunes of Judah and Jerusalem, 2 I will gather all the nations and bring them down to the Valley of Jehoshaphat. And I will enter into judgment with them there, on behalf of my people and my heritage Israel, because they have scattered them among the nations and have divided up my land, 3 and have cast lots for my people, and have traded a boy for a prostitute, and have sold a girl for wine and have drunk it. 3. It is the Winepress of God’s wrath. Revelation 14:14–20: Then I looked, and behold, a white cloud, and seated on the cloud one like a son of man, with a golden crown on his head, and a sharp sickle in his hand. 15 And another angel came out of the temple, calling with a loud voice to him who sat on the cloud, “Put in your sickle, and reap, for the hour to reap has come, for the harvest of the earth is fully ripe.” 16 So he who sat on the cloud swung his sickle across the earth, and the earth was reaped. 17 Then another angel came out of the temple in heaven, and he too had a sharp sickle. 18 And another angel came out from the altar, the angel who has authority over the fire, and he called with a loud voice to the one who had the sharp sickle, “Put in your sickle and gather the clusters from the vine of the earth, for its grapes are ripe.” 19 So the angel swung his sickle across the earth and gathered the grape harvest of the earth and threw it into the great winepress of the wrath of God. 20 And the winepress was trodden outside the city, and blood flowed from the winepress, as high as a horse’s bridle [5 feet or 1.75 meters], for 1,600 stadia [200 miles, or 300 kilometers]. The flow of the river of blood from the Kidron Valley will run east toward the Dead Sea, then go south toward the Red Sea. 4. The judgments of God throughout history. God judged Satan and the angels who rebelled against Him. They are now called demons. God judged Adam and Eve for their disobedience. God judged the ancient world by sending a great flood upon the whole earth. God judged Sodom and Gomorrah. God judged the Canaanite nations and commanded Israel to destroy them because of their great wickedness. God gave clear warnings of blessings and curses to the Israelites in Deuteronomy chapters 27 and 28. The nation of Israel disobeyed God repeatedly and was eventually deported from their land. This was a fulfillment of Deuteronomy chapters 27 and 28. Contrary to what many people believe, Christ talked more about hell than heaven. Today there is very little mention of the judgments of God. 5. The ultimate judgment awaits those who reject Christ’s offer of salvation. Christ was the leading figure who talked about hell in the Bible. He described hell as: A fiery lake of burning sulfur that is unquenchable and never goes out (Matt. 25:46; Mark 9:43–44; Rev. 21:8). Everlasting destruction away from the presence of the Lord (2 Thess. 1:9). Where people gnash their teeth in pain (Matt. 13:50). Where the devil and the demons suffer (Matt. 25:41). A gloomy dungeon (2 Pet. 2:4). Where the worm never dies (Mark 9:48). A fiery furnace (Matt. 13:42). Where people will be salted with fire (Mark 9:49). A place of weeping (Matt. 13:50). A place of utter darkness (Jude 1:13). A place of fiery flames (Luke 16:24). A place of torment (Luke 16:28). According to Christ, hell is a real place, and many will choose to go there because of their rejection of Him. They choose materialism, pleasure, and the pride of life over the salvation of their souls and the eternal riches of Christ. 6. The final judgment of God at the Great White Throne. Revelation 20:11–15: Then I saw a great white throne and him who was seated on it. From his presence, earth and sky fled away, and no place was found for them. 12 And I saw the dead, great and small, standing before the throne, and books were opened. Then another book was opened, which is the book of life. And the dead were judged by what was written in the books, according to what they had done. 13 And the sea gave up the dead who were in it, Death and Hades gave up the dead who were in them, and they were judged, each one of them, according to what they had done. 14 Then Death and Hades were thrown into the lake of fire. This is the second death, the lake of fire. 15 And if anyone's name was not found written in the book of life, he was thrown into the lake of fire. 7. Why does God give more time and attention to judgment than blessings? 1. In the two foundational passages given to the Israelites regarding blessings for obedience and curses for disobedience to God (Leviticus 26 and Deuteronomy 27 and 28), about 17% of the verses deal with blessings, and 83% deal with curses. 2. Additionally, Christ followed this same pattern and talked more about hell than heaven. 3. This pattern reveals that God has designed the human heart in such a way that it responds better to warnings than blessings. 4. This is so because blessings are optional, but judgment is not. I can choose the blessings if I want, but I can’t choose to escape judgment for disobedience. Faith Lesson from the Kidron Valley 1. It is a valley of profound grace. It stands as an eternal reminder that the same ravine the Savior crossed in the dark of night, bearing the weight of the world's sin, is prophesied to one day witness His glorious return. The valley of sorrow and judgment has, through Christ, ultimately become the valley of our redemption. 2. Do we realize God is a God of love, but He is also a God of justice? 3. Do we realize the reality of the judgments of God? 4. Do we believe in a literal hell, and do we talk about it like Christ did? 5. Do we understand that God has done everything possible to save us, but if we reject Him, then we are choosing separation from Him in hell instead? 6. Have I received Christ as my Savior and am I living for Him? 7. Am I telling others about Christ’s offer of eternal life?

Privacy Policy for HolyLandSite.com Pivacy Policy Holy Land Site Privacy Policy This privacy policy has been compiled to better serve those who are concerned with how their 'Personally Identifiable Information' (PII) is being used online. PII, as described in US privacy law and information security, is information that can be used on its own or with other information to identify, contact, or locate a single person, or to identify an individual in context. Please read our privacy policy carefully to get a clear understanding of how we collect, use, protect or otherwise handle your Personally Identifiable Information in accordance with our website. What personal information do we collect from the people that visit our blog, website or app? When ordering or registering on our site, as appropriate, you may be asked to enter your name, email address, mailing address, phone number or other details to help you with your experience. When do we collect information? 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Videos About Bethlehem: The Place Where David Wrote Many of the Psalms In the Bible. See the area around Bethlehem where David would have grown up as a shepherd. Bethlehem means, “House of Bread.” Maybe because many wheat and barley fields were in this area. Sites of interest in the Bethlehem area include the Church of the Nativity, Shepherds' Fields, Herodian Fortress, and Rachel's Tomb. Bethlehem: David and the Psalms Bethlehem: David & the Psalms Welcome to the Holy Land and the biblical site of Bethlehem. See the Bible come to life as we take a look at one of the key events from the Scriptures that took place here. In this area that David grew up and wrote many of the Psalms. Here are some key points to help us understand this area better. Bethlehem means, “House of Bread”. Maybe because many wheat and barley fields were in this area. We know that in the story of Ruth and Boaz that Boaz was a wealthy farmer from Bethlehem who had a large field of barley here and that Ruth gleaned these fields to provide for her and her mother in law, Naomi. King David was born and raised here in Bethlehem. It was in the hills surrounding Bethlehem that David wrote many of the Psalms we find in Scripture. Let’s take a look at Psalm 23 which is one of the most famous and well known of all the Psalms David wrote. So here we read in this God-inspired Psalm of how God is our shepherd and does the following for us: "The LORD is my shepherd I shall not want" David was a shepherd and understood shepherding very well. A shepherd was the least sought after job. It’s boring, lonely and entails long hours. During David’s long hours he learned to sing, play instruments, write Psalms, throw rocks with a sling and learned about leadership. God is our shepherd and provides all we need both physically and spiritually if we’ll follow and obey Him. "He makes me lie down in green pasture" The green pastures of Bethlehem were desert areas so green pastures were like heaven to a desert animal and shepherd. It was in these green pastures David led his sheep and realized that God leads us to as well. "He leads me beside still water" To a desert shepherd caring for his sheep, water was more important than food and was life itself. These waters in the desert were accessible, peaceful, and gave new life. God does the same for us as He leads us by still waters. He refreshes and sustains our soul. In fact, Christ referred to Himself as, “the Water of life”. Desert people certainly understood the value of water and that it was the most important thing for survival. "He restores my soul" To restore speaks of giving new life, new strength, new desire to go on, of healing, and of a new purpose for living. "He leads me in paths of righteousness for his name's sake" The paths on the hillside of a desert lead to many areas, some good, and some bad. God leads us in the paths that lead to goodness and health and we can trust Him to lead us in the right way. Even though I walk through the valley of the shadow of death, I will fear no evil, for you are with me; your rod and your staff, they comfort me. It doesn’t matter what storms life may bring us, we can face them all because God will be with us. God’s rod and staff correct us, guide us, and comfort us. A shepherd's rod or staff was his main instrument to guide and direct. "You prepare a table before me in the presence of my enemies; you anoint my head with oil; my cup overflows" In the presence of our enemies and even evil, we still find blessing and joy in the Lord. Our cup overflows with goodness and joy and God sustains us in the midst of trials and difficulties. "Surely goodness and mercy shall follow me all the days of my life, and I shall dwell in the house of the LORD forever." The goodness of God will bless us all the days of our lives. We will dwell in the house of the Lord forever. As a result, we have extreme hope and purpose in this life and in the life to come. This anchor of the soul keeps us steadfast despite what life, enemies, sin, and trials may bring us. What can we learn from this beautiful Psalm? David took advantage of his free time and developed his gifts and abilities so later on God could use these for His kingdom and purposes. David learned key truths about God that would provide the foundation for his success and leadership qualities as he meditated on the Lord and His Word. So I should ask myself if I’m taking advantage of my free time to develop my skills for God or not? Am I developing my relationship with God during the desert times in my life so I can be more a more useful tool in the hands of God later on? Do I have the kind of relationship with God that allows Him to lead and correct me as well?

October 17-November 2, 2025, Registration Form. In-depth 17-Day Bible-centered Holy Land tour trip to Israel that allows you to see more holy sites in Israel. Holy Land Trip Registration Form October 17~November 2, 2 025 Trip How to Register and Secure Your Spot on the Holy Land Experience Trip of a Lifetime! 1. Fill out and submit the online registration form below. 2. Upon receiving and accepting your form, we will notify you of availability and acceptance into the tour trip group. 3. Upon acceptance into the group, please pay your $500 non-refundable deposit to confirm your spot. Registration Deposit Link Final Paym ent Link CONTACT INFO: Pastor Todd Fink Phone: (541) 603-0881 Email: holylandsite.com@gmail.com Website: HolyLandSite.com NEXT STEPS 1. Upon receiving and accepting your form, we will notify you of availability and acceptance into the tour trip group. 2. Upon acceptance into the group, please pay your $500 non-refundable deposit to confirm your spot. Registration Deposit Link Final Payment Link 3. In the meantime, check out our video teachings to the left or see other info about Holy Land Trip orientation, etc. CONTACT INFO: Pastor Todd Fink Phone: (541) 603-0881 Email: holylandsite.com@gmail.com Website: HolyLandSite.com TOUR HOSTS Dr. Todd & Letsy Fink - Tour Hosts More about the Finks

This site has a treasure trove of things to see: Roman crushed street, Trumpeter's Stone, Temple Mount Walls, ancient stones, Mikvahs, Pilgrims' Round, the Southern Stairs (also known as the Rabbis' Stairs), the Ophel, and many ancient ruins. Discover fascinating facts about how discipleship took place during Jesus' time. Jerusalem Archaeological Park Photo Gallery Places of Interest Jerusalem Archaeological Park Introduction Welcome to Jerusalem Archaeological Park. This site has a treasure trove of amazing things to see. Here are the highlights. Model of ancient Jerusalem during the time of Jesus. Ancient building stones. Roman Street, which was crushed by Roman destruction in 70 AD. Trumpeter's Stone Robinson's Arch Southern Stairs (Rabbis' Stairs) Mikvahs Ophel (space between the City of David and Temple Mount) Ruins dating to the time of Solomon. Hulda Gates Excavations in this area began in 1968 and have yielded breathtaking discoveries. Location The Jerusalem Archaeological Park is located on the southwest corner of the Temple Mount. Historical Background 1. The Southern Stairs were one of the main entrances from the south to the Temple Mount during Christ's time. Two main gate entrances led from these stairs up to the Temple Mount Platform. These gates are commonly known as the Hulda Gates. The gate for entering the Temple Mount Platform was on the right (east side), and the gate for leaving the Temple Mount was on the left (western side). In the Mishna, there is a simple and beautiful regulation regarding how to enter the Hulda gates. "All who enter the Temple Mount shall enter from the eastern side of the gate (right side) and then exit through the western side of the gate (left side), except those who lost a loved one and are in mourning or have a sick person at home or lost a valuable object." All those who entered from the western side gate and exited via the eastern side gate (in the opposite direction) would know that something bad had happened to them and could offer words of comfort. This was a custom that demonstrated sensitivity and care to others. 2. King Herod had them redone and made them stagger so no one could enter or depart the presence of God (signified by entering or leaving the temple area) without being thoughtful in the process. 3. The stairs were hundreds of feet wide, providing plenty of space for congregating and teaching. 4. They were the main access to the temple from the City of David and the western area of the city, where most of the population lived. 5. Multitudes arrived at the stairs by using the Pilgrim's Road (Herodian St.), which connected the Pool of Siloam to the Temple Mount. As they ascended this road, they sang the songs of ascent found in Psalms 120-134. 6. The Pool of Siloam was a massive mikveh at the lower part of the City of David that the Jews used for purification purposes before entering the Temple Mount. 7. There were also many purification mikvehs at the base of the Southern Stairs as well (around 48 total). 8. The Southern Stairs were also called “The Rabbis’ Stairs” or the “Teaching Stairs” as rabbis taught their disciples on them. 9. There is no doubt Jesus would have walked on these stairs and taught His disciples here. It’s also likely that the young Apostle Paul sat here under the teaching of Gamaliel as well (Acts 22:3). 10. The stairs were cut out of the mountain's bedrock, and part of them can still be seen today. This staircase consisted of 30 steps. The steps alternate in width, with narrow, wide, narrow, and wide sections. These uneven steps have led some to speculate that the stairs were built to correspond to the rhythm of the fifteen Psalms known as the Psalms of Ascent (Psalms 120-134). In other words, the fifteen wide steps were built to represent each of these fifteen Psalms of Ascent. Psalm 122:1,2 (one of the Psalms of ascent) says, “I was glad when they said to me, ‘Let us go to the house of the Lord. Our feet are standing in your gates, Jerusalem.’” 11. It’s very likely that part of Pentecost took place here or ended up here. The Royal Stoa was located just above us on the southern end of the Temple Mount. It was a huge covered portico that ran the whole length of the Temple Mount at the southern part. The Hebrew word for "house" refers to a dwelling, such as a temple or a covered structure. It doesn't really refer to a home. Just think that you are in the area where the Pentecost event took place. And, of course, around here are all these Mikvehs where the 3,000 who received Christ on Pentecost would be baptized. 12. The other main entrance to the Temple Mount from the south was Robinson's Arch Stairway. The southern stairs and Robinson's Arch Stairway served pilgrims who accessed the Temple Mount from Pilgrim's Road. This road led from the Pool of Siloam up to the Temple Mount. 13. The City of David lies just to the south of this area. This is where a significant portion of Jerusalem's population resided. Later, Hezekiah expanded Jerusalem to the south and west and built what is known today as Hezekiah's Broad Wall. As a result, this southern part of the Temple Mount was highly used. Places of Interest 1. Model of Archaeological Site at Entrance 2. Different Kinds of Stones Herodian Hasmonean Solomon/Hezekiah 3. Herod's Temple Mount Expansion Section 4. Temple Mount Wall Time Periods Herod Period Umayyad Period Suleiman the Magnificent Period 5. Trumpeter's Cornerstone (House of the Trumpeter). The original top part is in the Israel Museum. This one is an exact replica. The Jewish historian Josephus writes about this in his writings. Three blowings of the trumpet took place: (1) for the farmers to stop their work, (2) for the shopkeepers to close down, and (3) for the Sabbath to officially begin (or other holy feasts). 6. Shops on both sides of the street. Before the 1860 excavation, this street lay buried under approximately 57 feet of debris. 7. Broken Pavement from the stones that fell during the Roman destruction in 70 AD. 8. Burnt layers in the Western Wall from the Roman destruction. 9. Robinson's Arch There was a series of bridges and arches on the west side of the Temple Mount that allowed people access to the Temple platform. One of these arches, located close to the southern end of the Western Wall, is known as Robinson's Arch. The arch was discovered in 1838 AD and named after its discoverer, American researcher Edward Robinson. It was destroyed during the Great Jewish Revolt, only a few decades after its completion. 10. Isaiah Stone Right under Robinson's Arch, we can see the so-called "Isaiah Stone." It has a carved inscription in Hebrew, a partial quote or paraphrase of Isaiah 66:14. The carving reads: "And they will see, and rejoice your heart, and your bones like grass shall flourish." The verse they are quoting goes like this: When you see this, your heart shall rejoice, and your bones shall flourish like grass; the hand of the Lord shall be known to His servants, and His indignation to His enemies. The inscription, dated to around 300-700 AD, tells us that the Jews of that time venerated the Temple Mount as the location of the temple. It's just another piece of evidence revealing the Temple Mount as the authentic place where the temple once stood. 11. Pilgrim's Road (Herodian St.) led from the Pool of Siloam to the Southern Stairs and Robinson's Arch Stairway area. 12. Mikvehs by the Western Wall Area 13. Umayyad Palace Constructed around 700 AD. Eastern wall of the palace. 14. Hulda Gates The right side (eastern side) was the entrance to the Temple Mount. The left side (western side) was for departing the Temple Mount. Southern Stairs They were also referred to as the Rabbis' Stairs. Jesus undoubtedly would have walked these stairs and taught His disciples on them. They consisted of 30 unevenly spaced steps. These uneven steps have led some to speculate that the stairs were built to correspond to the rhythm of the fifteen Psalms known as the Psalms of Ascent (Psalms 120-134). Psalm 122:1-2: I was glad when they said to me, "Let us go to the house of the Lord. Our feet are standing in your gates, Jerusalem ." The fact that the stairs are uneven in width prevented worshippers from running up them, thus maintaining a stately decorum as they entered the Temple. 14. Mikvehs by the Southern Stairs. 15. Royal Stoa - Large public meeting building on the south side of the Temple Mount just above the Southern Stairs. Pentecost Area 16. Crusader Tower 17. Temple Mount 28. City of David Discipleship in the Time Of Jesus 1. Discipleship in the Time of Jesus To understand biblical discipleship in its fullness, we must examine how it functioned during the time of Christ. Ray Vander Laan provides a rich understanding of this area. He notes, “Discipleship was a very common practice in Christ’s day and especially in the Galilee area. The people of Galilee were the most religious Jews in the world in the time of Jesus. This is quite contrary to the common view that the Galileans were simple, uneducated peasants from an isolated area. This perspective is probably due to the comments made in the Bible, which appear to belittle people from this area .” Vander Laan continues, “The Galilean people were actually more educated in the Bible and its application than most Jews were. More famous Jewish teachers come from Galilee than anywhere else in the world. They were known for their great reverence for Scripture and their passionate desire to be faithful to it .” 2. Discipleship Training Began Early in Life Discipleship training, as we know it today, actually began very early in a Jewish child's life. They would enter grade school (called Beth Sefer) at around 4–5 years of age, which was generally held at the local synagogue. The teacher at the synagogue was referred to as a rabbi. At this level, they would mainly be instructed in the Torah (the first five books of the Old Testament), learning to read, write, and memorize it. The rest of the Old Testament was referred to as well. Much of the Torah was committed to memory, and it’s likely that by the time this level of education was completed (around age 13), they had memorized a significant portion of it. After grade school, the best students continued to middle school (called Beth Midrash). They would continue to learn and memorize the Torah, but also branch out to learn the rest of the Old Testament, committing much of it to memory. After the Beth Midrash level, those who wanted to continue in discipleship would then seek out a rabbi who would accept them as disciples. They would often leave home to travel with him for extended periods of time. These students were called talmidim (talmids) in Hebrew, which translates to "disciple." 3. Memorization Was a Key Factor in Discipleship Memorization was important during Jesus’ day because most people didn’t have their own copy of the Scriptures; they either had to memorize it or go to the synagogue to consult the local village scroll. As mentioned, by the time a child finished the Beth Midrash level of education, they had memorized most of the Torah and much of the Old Testament. The common memorization technique involved rote, constant repetition, a practice still used to this day. 4. A Disciple Imitated His Rabbi Discipleship in Christ’s day involved a heavy dose of imitation. A talmid (disciple) emulated his rabbi in all facets of life. His goal was to be like his rabbi. Vander Laan adds, “There is much more to a talmid than simply calling one a student. A student wants to know what the teacher knows to complete the class or degree, or even out of respect for the teacher. A talmid wants to be like the teacher, that is, to become what the teacher is.” That meant that students were passionately devoted to their rabbi and took note of everything he did or said. Vander Laan continues, “The rabbi-talmid relationship was a very intense and personal system of education. As the rabbi lived and taught his understanding of the Scripture to his students, they listened, watched, and imitated him to become like him. Eventually, they would become teachers themselves, passing on a lifestyle to their own talmidim.” 5. Discipleship Entailed Learning Much Scripture The very few talmids that reached the status of a rabbi were highly respected and sought after. Those who became rabbis were incredibly knowledgeable in Scripture, and many had memorized much, if not all, of the Old Testament. As mentioned, during Christ’s day, they didn’t have their own personal Bibles like we do today, so they had to memorize it to reference and discuss it. As a result of memorizing so much Scripture, the rabbis were extremely knowledgeable in God’s Word. Those who wanted to learn from a rabbi also committed much, if not all, of the Old Testament to memory. This was a requirement for being a disciple, as their discussions about Scripture didn’t focus mainly on what the Scriptures said, but on what they meant. Rabbis in the time of Christ would be equivalent to theologians today who hold at least one Ph.D. in theology. To reach the status of a rabbi was a great accomplishment. They were the ones who decided on the country's biblical doctrines, practices, and customs. Their words were exceptionally authoritative and valued. Doug Greenwold says, “In the world of Pharisaism, rabbis were the teachers who had been given the authoritative role to interpret God’s Word for the living of a righteous life—defining what behavior would or would not please God.” Rabbis were affiliated with various groups, including the Pharisees, the Sadducees, the Essenes, and others. For example, John the Baptist was a rabbi who had his own disciples (Luke 5:33), and the Apostle Paul was a disciple of Gamaliel before eventually becoming a disciple of Christ at his conversion to Christianity. Some rabbis attained notable status and had a significant influence on both religious and governmental affairs. 6. Strict Devotion Was Expected The rabbis expected strict, complete devotion and adherence to their teachings. They expected loyalty and obedience even beyond that given to their families. Greenwold states, “If a rabbi ultimately agreed to a would-be disciple’s request and allowed him to become a disciple, the disciple-to-be agreed to submit totally to the rabbi’s authority in all areas of interpreting the Scriptures for his life. This was a cultural given for all observant Jewish young men—something each truly wanted to do. As a result, each disciple came to a rabbinic relationship with a desire and a willingness to do just that—surrender to the authority of God’s Word as interpreted by his rabbi’s view of Scripture.” Different rabbis held varying views of Scripture, so students would choose their rabbis based on their recognition in the country and their theological positions. Today, it would be similar to choosing a seminary for a student's graduate-level theological training. These rabbis would occasionally take their students on training trips that could last from several days to several weeks. These were intense training times, when all distractions from the busyness of life were set aside and the students focused entirely on their rabbi's teachings. The example of Paul and why he refused to take Mark on a missionary trip. Acts 15:36-40: And after some days Paul said to Barnabas, “Let us return and visit the brothers in every city where we proclaimed the word of the Lord, and see how they are.” 37 Now Barnabas wanted to take with them John called Mark. 38 But Paul thought best not to take with them one who had withdrawn from them in Pamphylia and had not gone with them to the work. 39 And there arose a sharp disagreement, so that they separated from each other. Barnabas took Mark with him and sailed away to Cyprus, 40 but Paul chose Silas and departed, having been commended by the brothers to the grace of the Lord. The rabbis also had favorite teaching places, one of which was on the Southern Steps, which led up to the Temple Mount in Jerusalem. Tradition holds that even Christ taught His disciples on these steps. 7. Theological Discussions Were a Part of Discipleship It was common for the rabbi and his disciples (a group known as Yeshivas) to wrestle deeply with the Word of God. These yeshivas would engage in intense dialogue and debate over various aspects of life and what Scripture said about them. “It was a standard part of rabbinic teaching methodology.” Greenwold adds, “Studying their rabbi’s view of Scripture and wrestling with the text to comprehend God’s way for the conduct of their life was the main priority of a disciple and the yeshiva experience. Since all disciples had memorized most, if not all, of their Hebrew Scriptures in preparation for their Bar Mitzvahs at age 13, the issue was not what God’s Word said but rather what it meant and how it was to be lived out.” During their periods of intense dialogue and debate, these yeshivas arrived at their theological convictions and doctrinal positions. 8. Tr ansparency and Accountability Were the Norms There was remarkable transparency among these yeshivas, as they spent significant time together during their teaching sessions and discipleship training trips. Doug Greenwold says it well: “Unlike many of our contemporary discipleship programs, there was no curriculum or agenda for this multi-year discipling experience. Rather, it was a continual daily relational living experience where either the rabbi would ask questions of the disciple as he closely observed the disciple’s life, or the disciple would initiate a discussion by raising an issue or asking a question based on some aspect of his daily life .” In this discipleship format, not only was theology passed on, but character, attitudes, and behavior. 9. The Meaning of “Believe” As a disciple learned from their rabbi, they were placing their entire trust and belief in him. This process was called “believing.” Unlike today, the term “believe” has a very different meaning in Hebrew culture. Once again, Greenwold states it well: “The Semitic understanding of ‘believe’ was not based on an intellectual assent to a creed, doctrinal statement, or series of faith propositions. Rather, to a first-century disciple, ‘believe’ is a verb in which you willingly submit to your rabbi’s interpretive authority regarding God’s Word in every area of your life. Thus, to say you were a disciple in the name of Gamaliel meant that you totally surrendered your life to Gamaliel’s way of interpreting Scripture. As a result, you conformed all of your life’s behavior to his interpretations .” In Hebrew culture, the word “believe” meant taking action, applying knowledge to daily life, and changing some attitude or perspective on life, not just mentally knowing something and remaining unchanged. Today, the word “believe” is often used as a noun and tends to imply mere intellectual agreement or mental assent, which is a significantly different meaning from its usage in Christ’s day. Faith Lesson 1. Discipleship Meant Commitment Considering the historical significance of discipleship, we can now gain a deeper understanding of the discipleship process Christ employed with His disciples. He called them to follow Him, be with Him, learn from Him, practice what they learned, surrender completely to Him, and love Him more than their families, friends, and culture. It meant even being willing to die for Him if needed. Therefore, a disciple can be summed up as a disciplined learner or student who chooses to follow Christ, their rabbi, to such a degree that they submit their entire life, will, time, plans, desires, dreams, character, and efforts entirely to Him and His teachings. They are willing to deny themself, take up their cross, and obey all His commands with total abandonment. A biblical disciple is a person who gives complete devotion and loyalty to Christ, above all human relationships and influences. It’s a person who is willing to die for the cause of Christ daily, and once and for all if needed. 2. The discipleship process during Christ's time placed a strong emphasis on knowing God’s Word, relational mentoring, character, discipline, commitment, and devotion. 3. Discipleship in Christ’s Day Versus Discipleship Today How are Christians and the church performing today in terms of biblical discipleship? The contrast between discipleship in Christ’s time and discipleship today is quite staggering. Unlike Christ’s disciples, who knew Scripture exceedingly well and had much of it memorized, 81% of Christians today don’t read their Bibles regularly and are largely biblically illiterate. Unlike Christ’s disciples, who were fishers of men and took the gospel to the ends of the earth, 61% of Christians today haven’t even shared their faith in the last six months. Unlike Christ’s disciples, who prayed extensively, the average Christian today spends only 1–7 minutes a day in prayer. And unlike Christ and the Apostles, who made discipleship a core part of their ministries, 81% of pastors have no regular discipleship program for mentoring their people. It’s clear that the value Christ and the Apostles gave to discipleship is vastly different from the value the average Evangelical church and Christian give it today.

See all the key sites in Old City Jerusalem in this in-depth walking tour. Jerusalem Old City Walking Tour Photo Gallery Places of Interest Jerusalem Old City Tour Please refer to the Google Map above to view all the sites on this tour. Location 1. Jerusalem is in central Israel, about 33 miles (53 km) east of Tel Aviv and the Mediterranean Sea. 2. It’s situated at an altitude of 2,600 ft. (800 m.) above sea level and is one of the highest cities in Israel. 3. It’s located on a well-protected mountain, making it hard for enemy forces to capture it. 4. Jerusalem rests primarily upon bedrock, so everything was well preserved. 5. Jerusalem is the Old Testament Mount Moriah. Historical Background 1. Jerusalem means “City of Peace.” 2. It’s mentioned over 500 times in the Bible. 3. It’s first mentioned as the city in which King Melchizedek, King of Salem (Jerusalem) lived (Gen. 14:17). Melchizedek was a figure of Christ as he had neither beginning of days nor end of life. Hebrews 7:1: For this Melchizedek, king of Salem, priest of the Most High God, who met Abraham as he was returning from the slaughter of the kings and blessed him, 2 to whom also Abraham apportioned a tenth part of all the spoils, was first of all, by the translation of his name, king of righteousness, and then also king of Salem, which is king of peace. 4. Jerusalem is the special dwelling place of God on this earth. Psalms 76:2: His tent is in Salem, his dwelling place in Zion . Psalm 135:21: Praise be to the LORD from Zion, to him who dwells in Jerusalem. Praise the LORD. Old City Jerusalem Tour Sites of Interest Please refer to the Google Map above to view all the sites on this tour. 1. Outside Jaffa Gate - Start of Walking Tour 2. Jaffa Gate 3. Tower of David 4. David Street Leading to Temple Mount & Western Wall 5. Rooftop Walk Entrance 6. Cardo Maximus 7. Cardo Ruins 1 8. Cardo Ruins 2 9. Cardo Ruins 3 10. Hurva Synagogue Plaza 11. Menorah 12. Hezekiah's Broad Wall 13. Cardo Minor Ruins 14. Southern Stairs Archaeological Site 15. Western Wall Excavations 16. Temple Mount Entrance 17. Western Wall 18. Western Wall Synagogue 19. Little Western Wall 20. Lions' Gate 21. Arab Temple Mount Access 22. Pools of Bethesda - Church of St. Anne 23. Station 1 Via Dolorosa 24. Station 1 Via Dolorosa (second # 1) 25. Station 2 Via Dolorosa 26. Convent of the Sisters of Zion - Underneath Antonia Fortress 27. Ecce Homo Arch 28. Stones from Street During Christ's Time 29. Station 3 Via Dolorosa 30. Station 4 Via Dolorosa 31. Station 5 Via Dolorosa 32. Station 6 Via Dolorosa 33. Old City Wall During Christ's Time 34. Station 7 Via Dolorosa 35. Station 8 Via Dolorosa 36. Station 9 Via Dolorosa 37. Stations 10-14 Via Dolorosa - Church of the Holy Sepulchre 38. Hadrian Plaza 39. Church of John the Baptist 40. Back to David Street 41. Jaffa Gate Plaza - End of Tour Faith Lesson from Jerusalem 1. Jerusalem has played a key role as the center of God’s dwelling place and ministry on this earth. 2. It will be the place Christ returns to in power and great glory at the end of the Great Tribulation Period. Believers will return with Him at this event. Will you be coming with him in glory or be judged by Him when He comes? 3. Christ will reign over all the earth in Jerusalem during the Millennial Reign. Will you be among those who reign with Him? 4. God will create a New Jerusalem, His new eternal dwelling place on the new earth. Those who follow Christ will have the privilege of living in or visiting this new city forever. Are you saved, and will you be in heaven, where the New Jerusalem will be?

It was 3,000 years ago that King David made the City of David, also known as Jerusalem, the capital of Israel. Later, David would be buried in the City of David. Learn all about the true location that has been lost over the years. Tomb of King David Photo Gallery Places of Interest Tomb of King David Location 1. The place tourists go today to see the Tomb of King David is on the Western Hill at the exact location as the Upper Room. This is so because the Crusaders (1095–1291 AD) believed Pentecost took place at the Upper Room and interpreted a verse in Peter's sermon as meaning King David's tomb was at the Upper Room and not in the Jerusalem area: "Brothers, I may confidently say to you regarding the patriarch David that he both died and was buried, and his tomb is with us to this day" (Acts 2:29). Later, a Jewish Rabbi had a vision that King David's tomb was in the same area, so a synagogue was placed over the same building as the Upper Room, and a casket was placed there to honor King David. The casket is empty and does not have David's bones in it. In 1913, Ramond Weill discovered the Tomb of David in the lower part of the City of David, and for about 50 years, tourists visited that site. However, after 1960, tourists returned to the Upper Room, where they believed the Tomb of David was located. Why did this change occur? We will see why in a moment. 2. The Bible provides quite accurate information regarding the location of the Tomb of David. 1 Kings 2:10: Then David lay down with his fathers, and he was buried in the city of David . This verse makes it clear that the Tomb of David was located inside the City of David. The current site where tourists visit the Tomb of David is not in the City of David but on the upper part of the Western Hill, just west of the City of David, about 0.5 miles (1 km) away. Nehemiah 3:15-16: Shallum the son of Col-hozeh, the official of the district of Mizpah, repaired the Fountain Gate. He built it, made a roof for it, and installed its doors with its bolts and its bars, and the wall of the Pool of Shelah [Siloam] at the king’s garden as far as the steps that descend from the city of David . 16 After him Nehemiah the son of Azbuk, official of half the district of Beth-zur, made repairs as far as a point opposite the tombs of David , and as far as the artificial pool and the house of the mighty men. The context of Nehemiah 3 makes it clear that these verses form part of a description of the rebuilding of the city wall, beginning at the southern tip of the city of David and moving north along the eastern wall, the section being rebuilt. Verse 15 starts at the pool of Siloam. It ends at the steps. The following section, described in verse 16, begins at these unknown steps and continues farther north towards the temple mount up to a point opposite the tombs of David, as far as the artificial pool. Based on this information, it is estimated where the royal tombs should be located. Based on this location and the section of the wall described in Nehemiah, Raymond Weill began digging in this area in 1913. Using around 200 local workers and 30 donkeys, Weill's team cleared the entire area all the way down to bedrock. Weill then found the remains of nine tombs in front of an ancient pool just as the Bible had indicated. The tombs were extensively damaged due to the stones that were quarried out of the site (to rebuild Jerusalem into Aelia Capitolina) later on, and the intentional destruction by Roman Emperor Hadrian (135 AD), who tried to wipe out the remains of a Jewish presence in the area. However, two of the most important and monumental tombs were clearly visible. Weill identified the most monumental tomb as that of King David. It should be noted that only kings were allowed to be buried within the city walls of a city, as they were considered royalty and were exempt from obeying Moses' command to bury the dead outside the city walls because they were deemed unclean. This adds weight to the most monumental tomb, that of King David. Historical Background 1. King David died around 970 BC and was buried in the City of David (1 Kings 2:10). The City of David was 11 acres (4.5 hectares) in size (about the size of 11 football fields). 2. David's Tomb was known and venerated during the time of Nehemiah (around 444 BC). As we have seen from Nehemiah's account, David's Tomb is located on the east side of the City of David, north of the Pool of Siloam. The location of Raymond Weill's excavations confirms this location. 3. A synagogue dating to around 100 BC, which appears to have venerated David's Tomb, was discovered, with its remains still visible today. It's called the Theodotos synagogue, and is located right below David's Tomb. Raymond Weill found a stone bearing a dedication inscription for the synagogue. In this inscription, Theodotus, a ruler of the synagogue and the son and grandson of synagogue rulers, built the synagogue for three things: 1) the reading of the Torah, 2) the teaching of the commandments, and 3) as a guest house for travelers. 4. The Apostle Peter, on the day of Pentecost, indicates that the Tomb of David was still venerated during the New Testament period. “Brethren, I may confidently say to you regarding the patriarch David that he both died and was buried, and his tomb is with us to this day ” (Acts 2:29). 5. Josephus Flavius, a Jewish historian writing around 60-80 AD, located the Tomb of David in the City of David. According to Josephus, Herod broke into David's tomb to rob it, but when he tried to enter the inner chamber, tongues of fire shot out (Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews, 16:7:1). 6. Around 135 AD, the Roman Emperor, Hadrian, knew where David's Tomb was and intentionally quarried stones there for his building projects. It's this destruction that removed the top of David's Tomb and destroyed many other tombs of royal kings buried in this area. 7. In summary, the historical and archeological data reveal that the Tomb of David in the City of David was venerated from the time of David's death in 970 BC until around 638 AD, when the Muslims took over Israel and destroyed many Christian and Jewish sites. It would be at this time that the tomb would become neglected and buried under dirt and debris. Change in Location from the City of David to Mount Zion 1. The Crusaders began venerating the location of the Tomb of David on Mount Zion around 1125 AD. This was because the Tomb of David was buried in the City of David, and its location was unknown. 2. Also, the Crusaders believed Pentecost took place in the Upper Room and interpreted a verse in Peter's sermon as indicating that King David's tomb was there (Acts 2:29). 3. Later, a Jewish Rabbi had a vision that King David's tomb was in the same area, so a synagogue was placed over the same building as the Upper Room, and a casket was placed there to honor King David. The casket is empty and does not have David's bones in it. 4. The site on Mount Zion has no biblical or archaeological evidence supporting it as the location of David's Tomb. 5. The site is where the Upper Room was located. After it was destroyed in 70 AD, a new Judeo-Christian Synagogue was built on the original site, with subsequent churches constructed to mark the Upper Room location as well. Change in Location from Mount Zion Back to the City of David 1. After Raymond Weill discovered David's Tomb in the City of David, it would be the site where all the tourists would visit and venerate once again. 2. Raymond Weill's discovery of the Tomb of David was widely accepted by his colleagues. An example of this is Benjamin Mazar, one of the father figures of Israeli archaeology. He wrote a famous book about his excavations around Jerusalem. On the back of his book is a photo showing the tombs from the House of David that Weill discovered. So we have an example of how Weill's discovery was accepted in scholarship for many years. Change in Location from the City of David Back to Mount Zion 1. In 1960, Kathleen Kenyon excavated the Tomb of David site in the City of David. However, the site and Kathleen Kenyon's work were then under the authority of Jordan and the Jordan Antiquities Authority. It appears Kathleen's goal was to overturn any Jewish connections to the biblical sites and replace them with different views. She did this in Jericho and other places. It seems she was politically driven and not archaeologically driven. 2. Kathleen interpreted the tombs as cisterns. This is remarkably irresponsible, as all the evidence at these sites clearly supports them as being tombs and not cisterns. Cisterns are vertical in nature. David's Tomb is horizontally shaped. Cisterns don't have openings at the bottom. David's Tomb has an opening at the bottom for entry. Cisterns usually don't have two levels. David's Tomb has a lower level and an upper level. The upper level is where his body was located. Cisterns are entirely covered with plaster, so water doesn't escape or leak out. David's Tomb has very little plaster. Cisterns don't have cutouts in their sides for oil lamps. This tomb has them. 3. Katheen admitted that what Weill had identified as the Tomb of David was not like any other observed cistern known. Here is her quote from her book, "Digging Up Jerusalem," pgs. 31-32. “The particular cuttings revealed by Weill were certainly unusual , consisting of two rock-cut tunnels side by side. They are not like any observed cisterns , though the plaster that covers the rock shows that they were at some stage used as cisterns." 4. As a result of Kathleen's interpretation, tourists began going to Mount Zion, the site of the first floor of the Upper Room, and no longer visit the actual site in the City of David. In fact, most tourists don't even know the story behind what has happened and are ignorant of the location of the actual site. Location of the Tomb of David, According to the Israeli Antiquities Authority The Israeli Antiquities Authority oversees and is the ultimate authority on excavations and discoveries in Israel. They have posted signs in the City of David marking the location of the Tomb of David (and the other tombs of the House of David), along with the Theodotos Synagogue, and more. Places of Interest 1. Pool of Siloam 2. Tomb 1: King David's Tomb 3. Tomb 2 4. Horizontal Tomb Shaft of Tomb 1 5. Burial niche at the very back of Tomb 1 6. Carved out trough at the back of the Tomb 1 horizontal shaft. This is likely the place where King David's bones were buried. 7. Quarried Area 8. Ancient 3,000-year-old walls of the City of David 9. Walls Nehemiah repaired that can be seen today 10. Upper Room Faith Lesson from the Tomb of David 1. The importance of the discovery of King David's palace and tomb can be found in Psalm 16.:9-11. Therefore my heart is glad and my glory rejoices; My flesh also will dwell securely. 10 For You will not abandon my soul to Sheol; You will not allow Your Holy One to undergo decay. 2. Was David writing about himself or someone else? He couldn't have been writing about himself as he died, his body decayed, and his bones turned to dust. 3. However, God made a promise to David that He would establish a house of lineage for him and establish that there would come someone from his lineage who would reign forever. This would be the Messiah, the Lord Jesus Christ, who would come from David's lineage. 2 Samuel 7:11-13: The Lord also declares to you that the Lord will make a house for you. 12 When your days are finished and you lie down with your fathers, I will raise up your descendant after you, who will come from you, and I will establish his kingdom. 13 He shall build a house for My name, and I will establish the throne of his kingdom forever . 4. For around a thousand years after David's death, the Israelites continued to remember this promise given to David and looked for their coming Messiah, the Son of David, who would fulfill this prophecy. Psalm 89:3-4: I have made a covenant with My chosen; I have sworn to My servant David, 4 I will establish your descendants forever and build up your throne to all generations. Psalm 89:35-37: Once I have sworn by My holiness; I will not lie to David. 36 His descendants shall endure forever, and his throne as the sun before Me. 7 It shall be established forever like the moon, and a witness in the sky is faithful. 5. Christ fulfilled this prophecy. His tomb was empty, and Christ never saw decay. He will reign forever, and His kingdom will have no end. 6. Have you received Christ as your Lord and Savior, and will you be a part of Christ's eternal kingdom?

Learn all about the traditional route of the Via Dolorosa and the 14 Stations of the Cross in Jerusalem. Lions’ Gate, Temple Mount, Antonia Fortress, Church of the Holy Sepulchre, Ecce Homo Arch, Original stone pavement section, Old City wall in the time of Christ, Golgotha. The Via Dolorosa Photo Gallery Places of Interest The Via Dolorosa Introduction 1. Via Dolorosa means “The Painful Path.” 2. The traditional Via Dolorosa route is the path some say Jesus walked as he went from His trial before Pilate at Antonia’s Fortress to His crucifixion at Golgotha. 3. The Via Dolorosa has 14 stations honoring the events that took place as Christ made His way to Golgotha to be crucified. 4. In the 4th century, Byzantine pilgrims believed the Via Dolorosa began at Herod's Palace, south of Jaffa Gate, and ended at the Church of the Holy Sepulchre. 5. In the 8th century, the route changed. It began at the Garden of Gethsemane, headed south to Mount Zion, and then returned around the Temple Mount to the Holy Sepulchre. 6. During the Crusader Period (1095-1291 AD), the Crusaders believed the Via Dolorosa began at the Antonia Fortress and ended at the Church of the Holy Sepulchre. 7. Up until the 16th century, there were only eight recognized stations of the cross. The stations were either historical or legendary places where pilgrims stopped along the way for spiritual contemplation and reflection. However, in the 16th century, the churches in Europe persuaded the church in Jerusalem to expand the number of stations to fourteen and to name this road the Via Dolorosa. 8. The present route was marked out by the Franciscans in 1342 after the Ottoman Sultan granted them authority over the Christian holy sites in Jerusalem. 9. Some believe the Via Dolorosa started at the Palace where Pilate was staying, located just south of Jaffa Gate. We'll discuss this further when we visit the Church of the Holy Sepulchre and Herod's Palace. 10. Nine of the stations are biblical, and five are taken from traditional beliefs handed down over the centuries. Biblical Stations: We will read the Bible verses clarifying the events (the biblical stations are: 1, 2, 5, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14). Traditional Stations: The stations that have been handed down through tradition are listed below, along with the event believed to have occurred at each location (the traditional stations are: 3, 4, 6, 7, and 9). Stations 1–9 each have a large, rounded metal plaque with Roman numerals marking their locations. Stations 10—14 are located at the Church of the Holy Sepulchre. 11. While we're not totally sure this is the actual route of the Via Dolorosa, we can still contemplate and experience this monumental event. 12. The suffering of Christ shows His love for us and His desire to have a relationship with us. 13. Along this route, we'll also see other significant sites. Location 1. The Via Dolorosa starts (Station 1) at the original place of the Antonia Fortress, which is currently by a Muslim Elementary School and the Chapel of the Flagellation. 2. Station 1 is located on Lion’s Gate St., several hundred yards (m.) inside the Old City west of the Lion’s Gate. 3. The Via Dolorosa ends at the Church of the Holy Sepulchre. Places of Interest 1. Lions’ Gate 2. Temple Mount 3. Antonia Fortress 4. Church of the Holy Sepulchre 5. Ecce Homo Arch 6. Original stone pavement section 7. Old City wall in the time of Christ The 14 Stations of the Via Dolorosa 1. Station 1: Jesus is condemned to death (biblical event). Location: Umariya Muslim Elementary School, where the Antonia Fortress was located. Permission is needed to enter the school courtyard. However, without permission, this event can be commemorated outside the school. Matthew 27:27: Then the governor's soldiers took Jesus into the governor's headquarters, gathering the whole battalion before him. Luke 23: 13–25: Pilate then called together the chief priests and the rulers and the people, 14 and said to them, "You brought me this man as one who was misleading the people. And after examining him before you, behold, I did not find this man guilty of any of your charges against him. 15 Neither did Herod, for he sent him back to us. Look, nothing deserving death has been done by him. 16 I will, therefore, punish and release him." 18 But they all cried out together, "Away with this man, and release to us Barabbas"— 19 a man who had been thrown into prison for an insurrection started in the city and for murder. 20 Pilate addressed them once more, desiring to release Jesus, 21 but they kept shouting, "Crucify, crucify him!" 22 A third time he said to them, "Why, what evil has he done? I have found in him no guilt deserving death. I will, therefore, punish and release him." 23 But they were urgent, demanding with loud cries that he should be crucified. And their voices prevailed. 24 So Pilate decided that their demand should be granted. 25 He released the man who had been thrown into prison for insurrection and murder, for whom they asked, but he delivered Jesus over to their will. 2. Station 2: Jesus is given His cross (biblical event). Location: Church of Condemnation/Flagellation across from Station 1. John 19:16–17: So he delivered him over to them to be crucified. So they took Jesus, 17 and he went out, bearing his own cross, to the place called The Place of a Skull, which in Aramaic is called Golgotha. In the western part of this plaza area, a map shows the route of the Via Dolorosa as marked out by the Crusaders. Between Stations 2 and 3 is the Ecce Homo Arch (behold the man). This was actually an archway built by the Roman Emperor Hadrian around 135 AD, marking one of the main entrances into Jerusalem. Just after Station 2 is what is believed to be the Prison of the Apostles. Acts 5:17-21: But the high priest stood up, along with all his associates (that is, the sect of the Sadducees), and they were filled with jealousy. 18 They laid hands on the apostles and put them in a public prison . 19 But during the night an angel of the Lord opened the gates of the prison, and leading them out, he said, 20 “Go, stand and [p]speak to the people in the temple area [q]the whole message of this Life.” 21 Upon hearing this, they entered into the temple area about daybreak and began to teach. 3. Station 3: Jesus falls the first time (traditional event). Location: Take a left (south) at the corner of Via Dolorosa St. and Al Wad St., and Station 3 is immediately on the left. In front of Station 3, there are old stones on the street from the time of Christ that were discovered underneath this area and placed here for all to see. 4. Station 4: Jesus meets His mother (traditional event). Location: A short distance southward from Station 3 on El-Wad St. 5. Station 5: Simon of Cyrene carries Christ’s cross (biblical event). Located at the corner of Via Dolorosa St. and El-Wad St. From this corner, the street takes a sharp turn to the right and then starts ascending uphill with a series of stairs along the way. Luke 23:26: And when they led Him away, they seized a man, Simon of Cyren e, as he was coming in from the country , and placed on him the cross to carry behind Jesus. A short distance up from Station 5 is a stone embedded in the wall. It is believed that Jesus stumbled against this wall, and in losing His balance, he touched it, leaving behind bloodstains. Initially, it was thought that this ancient rock was approximately 15 feet lower, below street level, at the depth of the original Via Dolorosa. It was raised to its current level as the city level changed. 6. Station 6: Veronica wipes the face of Jesus (traditional event). Location: On Via Dolorosa St., up from Station 5. According to tradition, Veronica felt compassion when she saw Jesus carrying his cross to Golgotha and gave him her veil so that he could wipe the sweat from his forehead. Jesus supposedly wiped His face and then handed it back to her with the image of His face miraculously impressed upon her veil. Veronica means true image in Latin. A short distance before Station 7, part of the original city wall can be seen. Golgotha was located outside the city during the time of Christ, and this wall marked the city's exit. 7. Station 7: Jesus falls the second time (traditional event). Location: At the corner of Via Dolorosa St. and Khan es-Zeit St. Inside the Chapel of Station 7, a recent discovery was made. In 2017, the wall that had separated the two rooms of the Seventh Station was torn down, revealing a remarkable surprise behind it. Here, the public got its first look at what is believed to be the first-century Western Wall of the city of Jerusalem. 8. Station 8: Jesus meets the daughters of Jerusalem (biblical event). Location: From Station 7, take a step to the right and walk up Ma'alot E-Khanka St. a short distance. Beneath the metal disk on the wall is a carved stone set at eye level. It is marked by a cross with Greek letters that form an abbreviation for the words “Jesus Christ conquers.” Luke 23:27–31: And there followed him a great multitude of the people and of women who were mourning and lamenting for him. 28 But turning to them Jesus said, "Daughters of Jerusalem, do not weep for me, but weep for yourselves and for your children. 29 For behold, the days are coming when they will say, 'Blessed are the barren and the wombs that never bore and the breasts that never nursed!' 30 Then they will begin to say to the mountains, 'Fall on us,' and to the hills, 'Cover us.' 31 For if they do these things when the wood is green, what will happen when it is dry?” 9. Station 9: Jesus falls the third time (traditional event). Location: Walk back down to Station 7, take a right (south) on Beit HaBad St. Continue on Beit HaBad St. for about 75 yards (70 meters), and you will notice on the right a stairway leading to Station 9. Station 9 is the most difficult to locate. It’s located by the Coptic Patriarchate Building, through a narrow alley. Stations 10–14 are at the Church of the Holy Sepulchre. Location: From Station 9, the Church of the Holy Sepulchre can be accessed in two ways: (1) by a green door that leads to the courtyard of the Holy Sepulcher, or (2) by returning to Beit HaBad St. and continuing south, then taking a right on Shuk ha-Tsaba'im St. and following it to the Church of the Holy Sepulchre. 10. Station 10: Jesus is stripped of His garments (biblical event). Location: In a room outside the church called "The Chapel of the Franks," on the right side of the church entrance. It can be seen behind glass panels by going up the stairs. It can also be seen before Station 11 by looking down through a glass window. John 19:23–24: When the soldiers had crucified Jesus, they took his garments and divided them into four parts, one part for each soldier; also his tunic. But the tunic was seamless, woven in one piece from top to bottom, 24 so they said to one another, "Let us not tear it, but cast lots for it to see whose it shall be.” This was to fulfill the Scripture which says, "They divided my garments among them, and for my clothing they cast lots.” So the soldiers did these things. 11. Station 11: Jesus arrives at Golgotha and is nailed to the cross (biblical event). Location: Just after entering the church, take a right and go up the stairs to the second level. A Franciscan altar marks Station 11. John 19:17–18: And he went out, bearing his own cross, to the place called The Place of a Skull, which in Aramaic is called Golgotha. There they crucified him, and with him two others, one on either side, and Jesus between them. 12. Station 12: Jesus dies on the cross (biblical event). Location: Beside Station 11, a Greek Orthodox crucifixion altar marks Station 12. Matthew 27:45–54: Now from the sixth hour [12:00 pm] there was darkness over all the land until the ninth hour [3:00 pm]. 46 And about the ninth hour Jesus cried out with a loud voice, saying, “Eli, Eli, lema sabachthani?” that is, “My God, my God, why have you forsaken me?” 47 And some of the bystanders, hearing it, said, “This man is calling Elijah.” 48 And one of them at once ran and took a sponge, filled it with sour wine, and put it on a reed and gave it to him to drink. 49 But the others said, “Wait, let us see whether Elijah will come to save him.” 50 And Jesus cried out again with a loud voice and yielded up his spirit. 51 And behold, the curtain of the temple was torn in two, from top to bottom. And the earth shook, and the rocks were split. 52 The tombs also were opened. And many bodies of the saints who had fallen asleep were raised, 53 and coming out of the tombs after his resurrection they went into the holy city and appeared to many. 54 When the centurion and those who were with him, keeping watch over Jesus, saw the earthquake and what took place, they were filled with awe and said, “Truly this was the Son of God!” Beside Station 12 is a large cracked rock, which is believed to have been caused by the earthquake at Christ’s death. On the lower level of the church, this rock can also be seen. 13. Station 13: Jesus' body is removed from the cross (biblical event). Location: Between stations 11 and 12 of the Via Dolorosa is a shrine of Mary, the mother of Jesus, with a spear piercing her heart. This marks the spot of Station 13 of the Via Dolorosa, where the body of Jesus was removed from the Cross. John 19:38–40: After these things, Joseph of Arimathea, who was a disciple of Jesus, but secretly for fear of the Jews, asked Pilate that he might take away the body of Jesus, and Pilate gave him permission. So he came and took away his body. 39 Nicodemus also, who earlier had come to Jesus by night, came bringing a mixture of myrrh and aloes, about seventy-five pounds in weight. 40 So they took the body of Jesus and bound it in linen cloths with the spices, as is the burial custom of the Jews. 14. Station 14: Jesus is laid in the tomb and covered in incense (biblical event). Location: In the large rotunda of the church, a large enclosed tomb marks Station 14. John 19:41–42: Now in the place where he was crucified there was a garden, and in the garden a new tomb in which no one had yet been laid. 42 So because of the Jewish day of Preparation, since the tomb was close at hand, they laid Jesus there. For a more detailed look at the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, please see Church of the Holy Sepulchre. Faith Lesson from the Via Dolorosa 1. Roman Crucifixion always took place in the most public areas possible. 2. Jesus was led through the busy streets for maximum humiliation. 3. Christ’s crucifixion happened on the day of Passover, so Jerusalem was at its busiest time of year, and there could have easily been around 150,000 people present in the city at this time. 4. The blood lost during the floggings, the crown of thorns, and beatings were unbearable and life-threatening. 5. Christ was so weak that Simon of Cyrene had to carry His cross most of the way to Golgotha. 6. The total time elapsed from Christ’s suffering that began in the Garden of Gethsemane to His death on the cross was about 18 hours of sleepless, intense torment and pain. 7. The physical suffering was only a drop in the bucket compared to the spiritual suffering Christ endured to pay for our sins. 8. Do we really understand the price that was paid for the forgiveness of our sins, the privilege we have of being right with God, and the gift of eternal life in heaven? 9. Do we warn others of the reality of the judgments of God and the price of rejecting Christ’s gift of forgiveness and eternal life? 10. If we refuse to believe in the existence of a literal hell, then all Christ suffered has little meaning or purpose. This would be a horrendous slap in the face of Christ for all He did on the cross.

Nimrod Fortress National Park is situated in the midst of a magical mountain landscape on the slopes of Mount Hermon, atop a ridge 2,700 ft. or 815 m above sea level. It's one of the largest and most impressive medieval fortresses in the Middle East. It controlled one of the region’s main roads, from Tyre on the Mediterranean coast, through the upper Hula Valley and Banias to Damascus. Nimrod Fortress National Park Photo Gallery Nimrod Fortress National Park Introduction Have you ever heard of a fortress so massive and mysterious? It’s tied to legends of giants, crusaders, sultans, and empires? Welcome to the full story of Nimrod’s Fortress—a mountaintop stronghold with a history as dramatic as its view. Location 1. Nimrod Fortress National Park is situated in the midst of a magical mountain landscape on the slopes of Mount Hermon, atop a ridge 2,700 ft. or 815 m above sea level. 2. It's one of the largest and most impressive medieval fortresses in the Middle East. It controlled one of the region’s main roads, from Tyre on the Mediterranean coast, through the upper Hula Valley and Banias to Damascus. Historical Background 1. Its Origins – 1200 AD The fortress was originally constructed around 1250 AD, during a time of great tension and transition. The Ayyubid dynasty, founded by Saladin, ruled the region following the expulsion of the Crusaders from much of the Levant. 2. In 1229, Al-Aziz Uthman, a nephew of Saladin and the Ayyubid governor of Damascus, built the original structure. His goal? To guard against the Crusader threat, especially from the military stronghold in the Kingdom of Jerusalem, and to secure the vital road to Damascus. This first phase of the fortress was a military necessity, quickly erected, with an emphasis on strong towers and strategic positioning. The Stone Mystery – Herodian Lookalikes? One of the most intriguing aspects of Nimrod’s Fortress is its stonework. As you walk through the fortress, you’ll notice massive ashlar stones—finely cut blocks with a raised boss in the center and a smooth, chiseled margin around the edges. To the trained eye, these stones appear strikingly similar to those found in Herodian construction in Jerusalem, such as the Western Wall. First, no archaeological evidence has ever been found on the site to suggest that a fortress or building existed here during the 1st century BC or AD, when Herod the Great ruled Judea. Instead, all the structural layers date back to the medieval Islamic period, beginning in the 13th century. Second, this style of masonry wasn’t exclusive to Herod’s engineers. The Ayyubids and Mamluks often borrowed styles from the past—either for visual impact or to connect themselves with the grandeur of earlier civilizations. In this case, it’s likely that the builders deliberately imitated earlier Roman and Herodian stonework, using it to create a sense of legacy and permanence. 3. Mamluk Expansion – 1250 AD Just a few decades after the Ayyubids, the fortress saw major expansion under the Mamluks. After defeating the Mongols at the Battle of Ayn Jalut in 1260, the Mamluks secured their hold on the region. One of their generals, Baybars—who would later become sultan—oversaw significant renovations and fortifications at Nimrod’s Fortress. Under his direction, the castle grew in size, strength, and sophistication. Massive walls were reinforced, hidden staircases were added, and inscriptions were carved into the stone. 4. Ottoman Period – 1500 AD and After By 1500 AD, Nimrod’s Fortress had lost its military value. The Ottomans now ruled the region, and the fortress slowly slipped into disuse. Earthquakes damaged parts of the structure, and the forest began to reclaim it. Modern Rediscovery In the 20th century, archaeologists from the British Mandate period, and later Israel, began excavating and restoring the site. They found evidence not of ancient Israelite kings or Roman generals, but of medieval Muslim rulers who built a massive and strategic defense point overlooking vital trade and military routes. 5. Today, Nimrod’s Fortress is a protected national park. Visitors can explore its high towers, winding passages, and stone-carved inscriptions. The view from the top—over the Golan, the Galilee, and even Lebanon—is breathtaking. Legends and Misunderstandings Of course, the name “Nimrod’s Fortress” still captures the imagination. Nimrod, the mighty hunter from Genesis, was never here—but the myth persisted, because the site feels ancient, almost timeless. 6. Conclusion Nimrod’s Fortress is more than a relic of the past. It’s a monument built by medieval Muslim rulers, shaped by shifting empires, and cloaked in the aura of ancient myth. Its stones may look biblical, but they tell a medieval story—one of strategy, strength, and survival on the edge of empire. Places of Interest 1. The Northwest Tower – The impressive gate installed in the tower bears an Arabic inscription of the Ayyubid governor al ’Aziz ‘Othman and belongs to the first stage of construction. The stones of the arch shifted in an earthquake (1759), but miraculously, the arch itself did not collapse. This “veranda” is part of a room, the ceiling of which buckled and was rebuilt in 1275 by the governor Bilik. At that time, the tower was expanded and two more stories were added. Also from this period is the opening in the tower’s ground floor leading to a cistern, above which is a shaft 7 m high; through it water was raised to the uppermost story. South of the room, a toilet was discovered. West of the gate tower, at the end of the “veranda,” a secret passage was constructed that leads outside the northern wall. 2. The Baybars Inscription – A monumental Arabic inscription, among the largest of the Mamluk period (1275). The inscription contains words of praise and eulogy for Sultan Baybars, who tasked his subordinate Bilik, commander of the fortress, with the building and reconstruction work. The inscription was placed on the facade of the second story, where Bilik’s palace was almost certainly located. 3. The Western Tower – A westward-facing tower, as yet unexcavated. 4. The Service Road – A modern pathway that passes through a breach in the wall, and through which one may directly enter the fortress. 5. The Southwest Tower – The top of this tower provides a magnificent view of the Galilee, the Hula Valley, and the slopes of the Golan. The stairs lead to the interior hall of the original tower. The tower was enlarged in Baybars’ time, after which additional embrasures for archers were built. From this hall, a spiral staircase descends to the southward-facing rooms, where you will also find embrasures. 6. The Large Reservoir – It is 9 x 25 m in area and 7 m high. Rainwater flowed into it via channels that were long since destroyed. Its northern side is roofed with a barrel vault, and stairs descend to the bottom. The southern part is roofed with a cross vault. A later breach in the southern wall, made by shepherds, permits a glimpse of the reservoir. 7. Rahat – A public drinking fountain (sabil in Arabic) located on the eastern side of the reservoir and fed by its water. Above the basin is an inscription by Fahr a-Din Hassan, who reconditioned the fountain in 1240. 8. The Beautiful Tower – This semicircular tower, which projects from the wall, was built by Baybars. The interior of the tower is octagonal, with two sides joined, resulting in a structure with seven sides. The roof of the tower is vaulted. The tower, the cut stones, and the embrasures are of outstanding construction quality. In the right-hand corner is a toilet cubicle similar to that in the northwest tower. 9. The Moat – Hewn into the bedrock, the moat separates the fortress from the donjon (the keep). The route crosses the moat in a place where it was somewhat filled in, but it can be better seen on the right side. The moat was crossed by a wooden bridge. At the end of the moat, in the southwestern corner of the donjon, is the earliest inscription found in the fortress, dating to the rule of the governor al-’Aziz ‘Othman (1228). 10. The Donjon (the keep) – A fortified, free-standing structure above the fortress. If the lower fortifications were overrun, the defenders were still able to continue defending the fortress from this massive and powerful structure. Its gate is in the northwest corner. At the four corners of the structure, square towers were erected. In the area between them, remnants of the arches of a ceremonial hall, additional halls, and water cisterns were found. From the northeast tower, a steep trail for fit hikers descends toward the park entrance. 11. The View from the Top of the Donjon – Here, one realizes the clear supremacy of the donjon over the rest of the fortress. It affords a breathtaking panorama of Mount Hermon, the Golan Heights, the Galilee, and the Hula Valley. 12. The Northern Tower (the prison tower) – This well-preserved tower was apparently also built by Baybars. It includes a central hall, with walls pierced by embrasures for archers and a staircase that ascends to the roof. From the top of the tower, Mount Hermon and Mount Dov are visible. During the 15th century, the place was apparently used as a prison. 13. The Secret Passage – The route returns to the northwestern tower (1). In the corner of the “veranda” is the entrance to a secret, graded passageway leading northward. It is 27 m long, 1.8 m wide, and has a high, arched ceiling. A row of stones can be seen on the ceiling that was displaced by an earthquake. The passage ends in an opening (postern) to the outside of the northern wall that was hidden by a pile of rocks. From here, the route returns to the western wall and goes around it on the outside to the parking lot. 14. The Pool – Located outside the fortress on its eastern side, the pool has a surface area of 26 x 54 m and a depth of at least 5 m. Its location on the slope enabled the collection of large quantities of rainwater that in peacetime served the residents of the fortress, and may even have been used for irrigation and watering flocks. Faith Lesson from Magdala and Mary Magdalene 1. So, what are some faith lessons we can learn from this fortress site? As we walked its paths and witnessed its massive stones, we couldn't help but think of all the work and labor that went into building this massive fortress. Why did they do it? They did it to build and protect their kingdoms. At the time, it probably seemed urgent and vital to them. However, in the grand course of time, it rapidly faded away along with them and their dreams and hopes. That's what time does. As we move further away from a moment in time, that moment loses its importance and urgency. What seems so important at the moment rapidly fades away and gets lost. 2. Those who built this fortress invested an enormous amount of time, money, and even their lives. However, what do they have now? Where are they, and if they could go back in time, what would they change? I'm certain they would line the dirt paths here and share what's really important in life. Because right now, they are in one of two places according to the Bible. They are with God in paradise, or separated from Him in hell. 3. Jesus gives us eternal wisdom that we should all embrace strongly, so we don't look back and regret what we've done. He says in Matthew 6:19-21: “Do not lay up for yourselves treasures on earth, where moth and rust destroy and where thieves break in and steal, 20 but lay up for yourselves treasures in heaven, where neither moth nor rust destroys and where thieves do not break in and steal. 21 For where your treasure is, there your heart will be also. He continues on just a few verses later in Matthew 6:33 to "seek first the kingdom of God and his righteousness, and all these things will be added to you ." 4. If we are wise, we'll realize that the time we'll spend on this earth is just a drop in the bucket compared to eternity. So, what can we learn from this site? We should live our lives building God's eternal kingdom and not our own, which will quickly pass away and turn to ruins like we see at this site. We need to put God first, seek first His Kingdom and serve Him, not ourselves, our dreams, and our kingdoms.