Pilgrim's Road ~ Pool of Siloam to the

Temple Mount

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Introduction

 

Welcome to the Pilgrim's Road in the City of David. Few places in Jerusalem allow us to walk through the world of the Bible as dramatically as this ancient street.

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1. The Pilgrim's Road was one of the main streets of Jerusalem during the time of Christ.

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2. It began near the Pool of Siloam in the southern part of the City of David and ascended northward through the Tyropoeon Valley toward the Temple Mount.

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3. The entire ancient route was about 600 meters, or roughly one-third of a mile, long, and the main portion of the street was approximately 7.5–8 meters, or about 25 feet, wide. Near the Pool of Siloam, the monumental area widened considerably. 

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4. During the great Jewish pilgrimage festivals of Passover, Pentecost, and the Feast of Tabernacles, worshippers came to Jerusalem from throughout Israel and the ancient world.

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5. Many of these pilgrims entered Jerusalem from the south, gathered around the Pool of Siloam, and then ascended toward the temple.

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6. The road was much more than a pathway. It was one of Jerusalem's great public streets, lined with buildings and commercial activity. 

 

• It was a monumental city street designed to accommodate large numbers of people.

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• Near the southern end around Siloam, the public area widened substantially, creating an impressive entrance into the city and pilgrimage route.

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• Archaeologists have discovered coins, weights, and other objects connected with the buying and selling that took place here.

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7. Beneath the street was a massive drainage channel that carried rainwater through the Tyropoeon Valley.

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8. Archaeological evidence now indicates that the monumental stone pavement visible today was constructed during the first century AD. Coins sealed beneath the paving stones show that at least part of the street could not have been completed before about AD 30–31, during the governorship of Pontius Pilate. 

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9. This makes the road one of the most remarkable archaeological sites connected with Jerusalem during the lifetime of Christ and the first generation of the early church.

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10. Jesus certainly traveled repeatedly between the lower city and the Temple Mount. He also came to Jerusalem for the biblical festivals. The Pilgrim's Road follows the very corridor such travelers used. 

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11. Today, walking this road gives us an extraordinary glimpse into what Jerusalem was like 2,000 years ago.

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Location

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1. The Pilgrim's Road is located in the City of David, immediately south of Jerusalem's Old City and Temple Mount.

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2. Its southern end begins around the Pool of Siloam.

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3. From the Pool of Siloam, the street traveled north through the Tyropoeon Valley, the valley separating the City of David ridge from the Western Hill.

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4. The Tyropoeon Valley is also commonly called the Valley of the Cheesemakers.

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5. The complete ancient street continued for about 600 meters toward the southwestern corner of the Temple Mount.

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6. The portion discussed on this page follows the road from the Pool of Siloam northward to the Givati Parking Lot excavations, near the present entrance area of the City of David.

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7. The ancient street continued north of Givati toward the area of Robinson's Arch, the Southern Temple Mount, and the great entrances used by worshippers going up to the temple.

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8. The road continually rises as it travels north. This helps us understand the frequent biblical expression of "going up to Jerusalem."

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9. Jerusalem was situated in the hill country, but worshippers also literally ascended as they approached God's temple.

Isaiah 2:3: Come, let us go up to the mountain of the Lord, to the house of the God of Jacob.

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Historical Background

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1. God Commanded the Israelites to Make Pilgrimages to Jerusalem.

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2. The background to the Pilgrim's Road goes all the way back to the Law of Moses.

 

• God commanded the Israelite men to appear before Him three times each year at the major pilgrimage festivals:

  • Passover and the Feast of Unleavened Bread

  • Feast of Weeks, later called Pentecost

  • Feast of Booths or Tabernacles

 

• Exodus 23:17: Three times in the year all your males shall appear before the Lord God.

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3. After Jerusalem became Israel's religious center and Solomon built the temple, enormous numbers of worshippers came to Jerusalem during these festivals.

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4. By the time of Christ, pilgrimage was one of the defining features of Jerusalem.

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5. Jerusalem expanded dramatically during the Second Temple Period.

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• During the centuries before Christ, Jerusalem grew far beyond the small original City of David.

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• The city spread northward and westward, and under the Hasmoneans and Herod the Great, Jerusalem became a major political, religious, and commercial center.

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• Herod the Great began an enormous expansion and rebuilding of the Temple Mount in the late first century BC.

• The work continued after Herod's death.

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• By the first century AD, Jerusalem possessed monumental streets, stairways, public buildings, markets, water systems, enormous retaining walls, and one of the most magnificent temple complexes in the Roman world.

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• The Pilgrim's Road was part of this great urban development.

 

6. The Pool of Siloam became an important gathering place.

 

• At the southern end of the road was the Pool of Siloam. The pool was connected with Jerusalem's ancient water system and received water ultimately coming from the Gihon Spring through Hezekiah's Tunnel.

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• During the late Second Temple period, the area was transformed into an enormous stepped pool and public gathering area. The excavated remains show broad stone steps descending toward the water.

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• The pool appears to have served several purposes. It supplied water, provided an important gathering place, and was closely associated with Jewish religious life and pilgrimage. Ritual purification likely formed part of the activities surrounding the pool, although it should not be thought of simply as an ordinary household mikveh.

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• Water from Siloam also played an important role during the Feast of Tabernacles, when it was carried in procession to the temple for the water-pouring ceremony. 

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• This gives powerful background to Jesus' words during this feast: John 7:37–38: "If anyone thirsts, let him come to Me and drink. Whoever believes in Me... out of his heart will flow rivers of living water."

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7. Construction period of the Pilgrim's Road.

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• For many years, the road was commonly called the Herodian Street, because archaeologists assumed it belonged to Herod the Great's enormous rebuilding program. 

 

• Recent archaeological evidence has provided a more precise date. Archaeologists excavated underneath the stone pavement and discovered coins sealed within the material used to construct the street.

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• One of the latest coins dates to AD 30–31 and was issued during the rule of Pontius Pilate. Because the coin was beneath the road, the road above it must have been built after the coin was minted.

 

• Therefore, archaeologists date the monumental street visible today to no earlier than the fourth decade of the first century AD. Researchers have proposed that much of the project was carried out under Pontius Pilate. This is an astounding connection.

• The same Roman governor who presided over the trial of Jesus appears to have governed Judea when this great Jerusalem street was being completed.

 

8. The Pilgrim's Road was Built as a stepped street.

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• The road was not constructed as one continuous ramp. Instead, archaeologists call it the Stepped Street.

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• Its builders alternated relatively level sections with stone steps. Where the slope was steep, the steps were closer together. Where the slope became more gradual, the steps were farther apart.

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• In one excavated section, archaeologists uncovered four steps spaced approximately 4.5–6.8 meters apart. The design allowed thousands of people to climb comfortably toward the Temple Mount.

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• Imagine pilgrims slowly making their way upward, seeing the temple increasingly dominate the skyline before them.

 

9. The Psalms of Ascent fit this pilgrimage experience.

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• Psalms 120–134 are known as the Songs or Psalms of Ascents. They were connected with ascending to Jerusalem and worship at the temple. Psalm 122 captures the spirit perfectly: "I was glad when they said to me, 'Let us go to the house of the Lord.'"

 

• We cannot prove that every pilgrim sang these exact psalms while walking on this particular street. However, these songs belonged to the biblical culture of pilgrimage to Jerusalem and beautifully express what worshippers experienced as they went up toward the house of God.

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• Imagine thousands of people walking together, families talking, merchants calling from their shops, sacrifices being carried toward the temple, and worshippers singing psalms as they climbed the hill.

 

10. The road was also Jerusalem's main commercial street.

 

• The Pilgrim's Road was not used only during religious festivals. It was one of the great public streets of ancient Jerusalem.

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• Buildings, shops, and commercial activity lined portions of the roadway.

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• Archaeologists have discovered coins, weights, and weighing equipment associated with commerce along the route.

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• Pilgrims coming to Jerusalem needed many things.

  • They needed food.

  • They needed lodging.

  • Some needed animals for sacrifices.

  • They exchanged money.

  • They purchased goods.

  • They met family and friends.

 

• Therefore, the road must have been full of activity. During the great festivals, this entire valley would have been alive with people.

 

11. A massive drainage channel ran beneath the street.

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• One of the engineering wonders of the road lies underneath it. A large constructed drainage channel ran beneath or alongside the street through the Tyropoeon Valley.

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• Its purpose was to collect runoff coming down Jerusalem's slopes and prevent the great street from flooding.

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• Archaeologists have discovered access openings or manholes built directly into the pavement so workers could enter the drainage system for cleaning and repairs.

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• This shows the remarkable planning that went into first-century Jerusalem.

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• The road above carried worshippers toward the temple. The tunnel below carried water away from the city.

 

12. A mysterious stepped podium was built beside the road.

 

• One fascinating discovery along the Pilgrim's Road is a small stepped stone podium projecting into the street.

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• It had steps on three sides and was integrated into the road's construction.

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• A recent study of the structure suggests it could have functioned as a public platform—a place from which announcements were made, lost property was displayed or announced, or possibly where legal proceedings were conducted.

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• It gives us another glimpse into everyday life on Jerusalem's busiest street. However, there is no archaeological evidence identifying this podium as the place where Jesus was tried by Pontius Pilate, and it should not be confused with the biblical Gabbatha merely because a public judicial function has been proposed.

 

13. Jerusalem was destroyed in AD 70.

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• The beauty and prosperity of the Pilgrim's Road came to a violent end. In AD 66, the Jewish population revolted against Rome.

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• Four years later, Roman armies under Titus captured Jerusalem. The temple was burned. Buildings were destroyed. Thousands died.

 

• Above the Pilgrim's Road, archaeologists discovered a dramatic black destruction layer containing shattered pottery, metal objects, glass, and coins from the Jewish revolt immediately before Jerusalem fell in AD 70. Large building stones then collapsed over portions of the street.

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• It is literally the destruction of Jerusalem preserved on top of the pavement.

 

14. Jewish refugees hid in the drainage channel.

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• During Jerusalem's final destruction, the great drainage channel beneath the road took on a new purpose. People hid underground, trying to escape the Roman Soldiers. 

 

• Archaeological discoveries from the channel include pottery, lamps, revolt-era coins, food remains, and a Roman sword still associated with its leather scabbard. Recent excavations have continued to reveal objects from Jerusalem's final days.

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• Josephus describes Roman soldiers searching underground after Jerusalem fell and killing or capturing those hiding beneath the city.

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• Josephus and other historians calculate that from 2,000 to 3,000 people were found dead in this tunnel. Many were killed by the Romans as they tore up the stones above.

 

• Standing inside this drainage channel, therefore, connects us to one of the darkest moments in Jerusalem's history.

 

15. The road disappeared beneath later Jerusalem.

 

• Following the destruction of AD 70, debris accumulated over the road.

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• Roman, Byzantine, and later inhabitants built over the ancient city.

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• Eventually, large portions of the Pilgrim's Road disappeared beneath meters of soil, ruins, buildings, and later streets.

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• For almost 2,000 years, the great road of first-century Jerusalem remained hidden.

 

16. Early archaeologists found portions of the road.

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• During the nineteenth century, explorers including Charles Warren and later Frederick Bliss and Archibald Dickie, encountered sections of the ancient street and drainage system.

 

• Bliss and Dickie excavated portions during their work in Jerusalem from 1894–1897. Modern archaeologists have actually encountered some of their narrow nineteenth-century excavation trenches while re-excavating the street. However, the full significance and route of the street were not yet understood.

 

17. The discovery of the Pool of Siloam led to renewed excavations.

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• In 2004, work on a damaged sewer line near the southern City of David exposed ancient stone steps.

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• Archaeologists Ronny Reich and Eli Shukron investigated and uncovered part of the monumental Second Temple-period Pool of Siloam.

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• Further investigation revealed that a great street led northward from this area toward the Temple Mount.

 

• This discovery began transforming our understanding of southern Jerusalem during the time of Christ. (Springer)

 

18. Large-Scale excavation of the Pilgrim's Road.

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• Beginning especially in 2013, archaeologists Nahshon Szanton, Joe Uziel, and others working for the Israel Antiquities Authority undertook extensive investigation along the street.

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• Excavating it presented a remarkable challenge because modern buildings and neighborhoods stand above much of the ancient roadway.

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• Instead of simply digging downward from the surface, engineers and archaeologists had to expose significant portions using sophisticated underground excavation and support systems.

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• Today, long portions of this 2,000-year-old street can once again be seen and walked upon. (Hadashot)

 

Places of Interest

 

1. Pool of Siloam

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• It forms the dramatic southern starting point of the pilgrimage route. It was the size of two Olympic swimming pools and served as a major site of purification before ascending to the Temple Mount.

 

• Important features include:

  • Monumental stone steps

  • Water supplied from the City of David water system

  • Large public gathering area

  • Association with Jewish pilgrimage

  • Water-drawing traditions associated with the Feast of Tabernacles

  • Place where Jesus healed the blind man in John 9

 

• This is where we begin to picture pilgrims gathering before their ascent toward the temple.

 

2. Southern Plaza and beginning of the Pilgrim's Road.

 

• At the northern side of the Siloam area, the great street begins its journey toward the Temple Mount.

 

• The street is especially broad near its southern end. This would have provided room for large crowds entering Jerusalem during the pilgrimage festivals.

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• From here, the worshipper began the long upward journey toward God's house.

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3. Original first-century paving stones.

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• One of the most impressive features is the preservation of the ancient pavement. Large limestone slabs formed the roadway.

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• Some individual paving stones measured up to approximately 2 meters long in excavated sections.

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• These are not modern reconstructions designed to look ancient. They are portions of the actual first-century street.

 

4. Stepped Street

 

• As the road climbs northward, the pavement periodically rises in steps. The spacing changes according to the slope. This is why archaeologists commonly refer to the Pilgrim's Road as the Stepped Street.

 

• Walking the route allows us to physically experience what the Bible means when it repeatedly speaks of going up to Jerusalem.

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5. Ancient Shops and Commercial Areas

 

• The route was a combination of religious pilgrimage and ordinary city life.

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• Coins, weights, and related objects reveal the buying and selling that took place here.

 

• Commercial activity lined the road. Imagine walking past:

  • Food merchants

  • Money changers

  • Travelers

  • Families

  • Animals being taken for sacrifice

  • Religious teachers

  • Roman officials

  • Priests

  • Residents of Jerusalem

  • Pilgrims from distant countries

 

• This was the living heart of Jerusalem.

 

6. The Main Drainage Channel

 

• Beneath the street is Jerusalem's enormous Second Temple-period drainage system.

 

• The channel carried runoff southward through the Tyropoeon Valley.

 

• During the Jewish revolt against Rome, it later became a hiding place. Josephus and other historians calculate that from 2,000 to 3,000 people were found dead in this tunnel. Many were killed by the Romans as they tore up the stones above.

 

• Archaeological finds include lamps, pottery, coins, food remains, and a Roman sword. (City of David)

 

​7. Ancient Manholes

 

• Access openings were built into the street pavement to allow workers to enter and maintain the drainage system.

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• One excavated cover had holes that may have allowed it to be lifted with a rope or a metal fitting.

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• This small detail gives us an amazing glimpse into the practical engineering and maintenance of ancient Jerusalem.

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8. The Stepped Podium

 

• Beside the street are the remains of a curious stepped platform. It projected into the roadway and appears to have served a public purpose.

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• A recent archaeological study suggests it may have been associated with public announcements, legal activity, or the handling of lost property.

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• It is a fascinating reminder that the Pilgrim's Road was not only ceremonial. It was a functioning public street.

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9. Large Palace

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• It had 21 rooms in it.

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• It had mosaic floors.

 

10. AD 70 Destruction Layer

 

• In the upper portions of the road, archaeologists discovered unmistakable evidence of Jerusalem's destruction.

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• Burned material, broken pottery, revolt coins, glass, metal objects, and collapsed stones were left directly above the pavement.

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• The road, therefore, preserves both Jerusalem's glory and its destruction.

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• Below is the magnificent street of the first century. Immediately above it is evidence of the AD 70 catastrophe.

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11. Givati Parking Lot Excavations

 

• Continuing north, we reach the massive Givati Parking Lot excavations, located near the northern end of the City of David ridge and immediately south of the present Old City walls. Excavations here resumed on a large scale in 2007.

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• The site covers roughly 3,500 square meters and contains archaeological remains from more than ten periods of Jerusalem's history.

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• This makes Givati one of Jerusalem's most impressive archaeological cross-sections.

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12. First Temple Period Remains at Givati

 

• Deep beneath later buildings, archaeologists have uncovered remains belonging to biblical Jerusalem.

 

• One of the most dramatic discoveries is a huge rock-cut moat, or ditch, that divided parts of ancient Jerusalem.

 

• The feature is approximately 30 meters wide and at least 6 meters deep in places and was in use during the Iron Age—the period of the kings of Judah.

 

• Its discovery has significantly changed our understanding of Jerusalem's ancient topography and defenses.

 

13. Hellenistic Fortifications and the Proposed Acra

 

• Archaeologists at Givati uncovered massive Hellenistic fortifications together with weapons and other remains dating to the time of the Seleucid domination of Jerusalem.

 

• The excavators proposed that these remains belonged to the Acra, the fortified stronghold associated with Antiochus IV Epiphanes and the Maccabean period.

 

• This identification has been influential, although the precise location and nature of the ancient Acra have long been subjects of scholarly discussion.

 

• This period forms the historical setting for the events that eventually gave rise to the celebration of Hanukkah.

 

14. Large Second Temple-Period Building

 

• A substantial residential complex dating to around the end of the Second Temple period was also uncovered. Its scale and quality indicate wealthy occupants.

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• Some researchers have suggested that it could possibly be associated with the royal household of Queen Helena of Adiabene, who converted to Judaism and lived in Jerusalem, although this identification remains uncertain.

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• Its location next to Jerusalem's major street would have been prime real estate 2,000 years ago.

 

15. Roman Jerusalem

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• Later Roman remains at Givati show that life continued in this area after the destruction of Jerusalem.

 

• Archaeologists have discovered roof tiles stamped by the Roman Tenth Legion, which was stationed in Jerusalem after AD 70.

 

• The same area that had once been filled with Jewish pilgrims eventually came under direct Roman military control.

 

16. Byzantine Jerusalem

 

• Large Byzantine buildings were later constructed over earlier Jerusalem.

 

• Archaeologists have uncovered an impressive Byzantine residential neighborhood and street system.

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• In 2008, a remarkable treasure containing 264 Byzantine gold coins was discovered at Givati.

 

• Layer upon layer, Givati tells Jerusalem's story.

 

17. Continuation of the Pilgrim's Road Toward the Temple Mount

 

• The Givati area was not the road's original destination. The street continued north toward the Temple Mount.

 

• Ultimately, pilgrims approached the enormous southern and southwestern entrances of the temple complex.

 

• Therefore, when we walk from Siloam toward Givati, we are walking only part of a much larger sacred journey. The pilgrims' destination was the House of God.

 

Pilgrim's Road in the Bible

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It is important to understand that the Bible never uses the modern archaeological name "Pilgrim's Road."

However, Scripture repeatedly describes the pilgrimages, locations, festivals, and movement between Siloam, Jerusalem, and the temple that form the biblical setting of this road.

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1. God Commanded Israel to Celebrate Three Annual Pilgrimage Festivals Before Him

• Exodus 23:14–17

• These were eventually centered in Jerusalem.

 

2. Three times Each year, the Men of Israel Were Commanded to Appear Before the Lord: Deuteronomy 16:16–17

• Feast of Unleavened Bread

• Feast of Weeks

• Feast of Booths

 

They were not to come empty-handed but were to bring offerings according to how God had blessed them.

 

3. Worshippers Went Up to Jerusalem

• Psalm 122:1–4: I was glad when they said to me, "Let us go to the house of the Lord."

• This psalm captures the excitement of arriving in Jerusalem with the tribes of Israel to worship God.

 

4. Psalms of Ascent

• Psalms 120–134

• These fifteen psalms are called the Songs of Ascents.

• They beautifully express the worship, expectation, trust, repentance, unity, and joy connected with approaching Jerusalem and God's dwelling place.

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5. The Nations Would Go Up to God's House

• Isaiah looked forward to a day when the nations would say: "Come, let us go up to the mountain of the Lord" (Isaiah 2:2–3).

• The physical ascent to Jerusalem became a picture of coming to God Himself.

 

6. Jesus Went to Jerusalem for Passover

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• Mary and Joseph traveled to Jerusalem every year for Passover.

• When Jesus was twelve years old, He went with them and was later found in the temple speaking with the teachers (Luke 2:41–46).

• Jesus therefore grew up participating in the biblical pilgrimage tradition.

 

7. Jesus Went to Jerusalem for the Feast of Tabernacles

• Jesus traveled to Jerusalem during the Feast of Tabernacles.

• At the climax of the feast, He proclaimed, "Let those who are thirsty come to Me and drink" (John 7:2, 10).

• The statement becomes especially meaningful in light of the feast's water ceremonies and the Pool of Siloam.

 

8. Jesus Healed the Blind Man at Siloam

• Jesus sent the blind man to wash in the Pool of Siloam.

• He obeyed Christ, washed, and came back seeing (John 9:1–7).

• The miracle happened directly at the southern end of the Pilgrim's Road.

 

9. Jesus Mentioned the Tower of Siloam

• Jesus referred to eighteen people who died when the Tower of Siloam fell (Luke 13:4–5).

• This shows that the Siloam area and its structures were familiar landmarks during Christ's ministry.

 

10. Pentecost Brought Pilgrims From Throughout the World

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• At Pentecost, Jerusalem was filled with Jews from many nations (Acts 2:5–11).

• Acts lists people from across the Roman and eastern worlds.

• This gives us a picture of just how international Jerusalem became during the great pilgrimage festivals.

• Streets like the Pilgrim's Road would have been filled with worshippers speaking many languages and coming from many different lands.

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Faith Lesson from the Pilgrim's Road

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1. God Desires That We Seek Him

Ancient pilgrims traveled great distances to come to Jerusalem and worship God. Some walked for days or weeks. Their journey required sacrifice, preparation, time, and expense. What effort are we willing to make to seek God? Jeremiah 29:13 says: "You will seek Me and find Me when you seek Me with all your heart."

 

2. The Physical Journey Upward Pictures a Spiritual Journey

Pilgrims physically climbed upward toward the temple. But God was interested in more than their feet moving upward. He wanted their hearts to move toward Him. We can visit biblical places, walk ancient roads, study archaeology, and know enormous amounts about the Bible, yet still fail to truly know God. Have we personally come to Him?

 

3. Jesus Gives True Spiritual Sight

The blind man at Siloam began the day unable to see. He ended it not only with physical sight but eventually with spiritual understanding of who Jesus was. John 9 records a progression in his understanding of Christ until he finally believed and worshipped Him. The greatest blindness is not physical blindness. It is spiritual blindness. Have our eyes been opened to who Jesus really is?

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4. Religion Alone Cannot Save Us

Thousands of people traveled this road to worship at one of the most magnificent temples ever built. Yet only a generation later, the temple and city were destroyed. Buildings cannot save us.

Religious rituals cannot save us. Pilgrimages cannot save us.

Our salvation comes through Jesus Christ. The purpose of the temple ultimately pointed beyond stone buildings to God's redemptive work.

 

5. Archaeology Helps Bring the Bible to Life

The Pilgrim's Road gives us an extraordinary geographical and archaeological setting for the New Testament.

Here we see:

• The Pool of Siloam

• First-century Jerusalem

• The road toward the temple

• Ancient shops

• Original paving stones

• The drainage system

• Coins from the time of Pontius Pilate

• Evidence of the destruction of Jerusalem in AD 70

 

Archaeology does not make God's Word true. God's Word is true whether or not archaeology discovers these places. But archaeology allows us to better understand the real historical world in which the events of Scripture took place.

 

6. The Magnificent Things of This World Are Temporary

Imagine this street shortly before AD 70. The temple was magnificent. The city was wealthy. The street was crowded.

The markets were active. The stones looked permanent. Yet within a short period, Jerusalem was devastated. Today, archaeologists uncover the destruction layer directly above the beautiful pavement. Jesus warned that Jerusalem and its temple would be destroyed. The Pilgrim's Road reminds us that even the greatest achievements of mankind are temporary. Only God's kingdom lasts forever.

 

7. We Are Pilgrims as Well

The believers who walked this ancient road were traveling toward an earthly sanctuary. As followers of Christ, we are taught by Scripture that our ultimate destination is greater.

 

• Our citizenship is in heaven, and we look forward to the eternal city God has prepared for His people.

• Therefore, the Pilgrim's Road provides a powerful picture of the Christian life.

• We are also travelers.

• We are also going somewhere.

• We are also approaching God's presence.

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The question is: Are we walking faithfully with the Lord on our journey, and are we ready to stand in His presence?